Investigation into Efficacy of Victim Offender Mediation - 26125 Words

An Investigation into the Efficacy of Victim Offender Mediation in Capital Offences in Kenya (Dissertation Sample) Content: The scope of application of Alternative Dispute Resolution Mechanisms in criminal matters:An Investigation into the Efficacy of Victim Offender Mediation in Capital Offences in KenyaCHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION1.1Background1.1.1Background to the studyThe primary focus of this paper is on the appropriateness or otherwise, of application of alternative dispute resolution mechanisms in criminal justice system in Kenya generally, and in particular, the efficacy of victim offender mediation in the aforesaid matters. The paper seeks to determine whether an out of court settlement as opposed to litigation in courts contributes to achievement of aspirations and needs of the state in relation to objectives of criminal law, as a party to criminal cases, whilst at the same time serving justice to victim and offender of the crime.Victim offender mediation is a process that provides interested victims an opportunity to meet their offender, in a safe and structured setting, and engage in a mediated discussion of the crime. With the assistance of a third party mediator, the victim is able to tell the offender about the crime's physical, emotional, and financial impact; to receive answers to lingering questions about the crime and the offender; and to be directly involved in developing a restitution plan for the offender to pay back his or her financial debt.[/topics/courts/restorative-justice/promising-practices/victim-offender-mediation.htm. (last visit Jan 10, 2014)] This process is different from mediation as practised in civil or commercial disputes, since the involved parties are not "disputants" nor of similar status - with one an admitted offender and the other the victim. Also, the process is not primarily focused upon reaching a settlement, although most sessions do, in fact, result in a signed restitution agreement. Because of these fundamental differences with standard mediation practices, some programs call the process a victim offender "dialogue," " meeting," or "conference."[ibid] The goals of victim offender mediation include: To support the healing process of victims, by providing a safe and controlled setting for them to meet and speak with the offender on a strictly voluntary basis, to allow the offender to learn about the impact of the crime on the victim and to take direct responsibility for their behaviour, and to provide an opportunity for the victim and offender to develop a mutually acceptable plan that addresses the harm caused by the crime.[Ibid] This paper therefore seeks to elucidate the place of alternative dispute resolution, and particularly victim offender mediation, in criminal justice system in Kenya. It will also determine whether the said mechanisms achieve justice if applied in the said matters.1.1.2Background to the problemResorting to court system is still largely viewed by many as the best existing and viable dispute resolution mechanism. The courts are however pervaded by congestion and delay which h ave resulted in a backlog of cases and delays. This has affected the efficiency of judicial systems which weakens democracy, rule of law, and ability to enforce human rights law. This has therefore shifted the belief and majority of cases are referred to ADR.The Constitution of Kenya enjoins courts and tribunals to use alternative forms of dispute resolution including reconciliation, mediation, arbitration and traditional dispute resolution mechanisms. The Constitution does not provide for the areas in law where Alternative Dispute resolution will apply. The literal reading of it will show that the Article applies to all cases with no distinction.[Githu Muigai, 2013, Arbitration Law and Practice in Kenya, Law Africa at 1] [Article 159(2)(c)] However, the Civil Procedure Act provides for court annexed mediation, and Order 46 which deals with arbitration, specifically provides that the said two are to be applied in civil suits and matters related thereto.[Section 59 ivil procedure Ac t Cap 21 Laws of Kenya] The jurisprudence from the court since the promulgation of the Constitution has however indicated a different position. There are "massive" civil suits referred to Alternative dispute Resolution mechanisms, either by the court or the parties themselves. Similarly, the practice has also shown that criminal cases could also be referred to the said mechanisms. In Republic v Mohamed Abdow Mohamed, the accused was charged with murder but pleaded not guilty. On the hearing date the court was informed that the family of the deceased had written the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) requesting to have the murder charge withdrawn on account of a settlement reached between the families of the accused and the deceased respectively. Subsequently, counsel for the State on behalf of the DPP made an oral application to have the matter marked as settled, contending that the parties had submitted themselves to traditional and Islamic laws which provide as avenue for recon ciliation. He cited the provision of the Constitution which allowed the courts and tribunals to be guided by alternative dispute resolution including reconciliation, mediation, arbitration and traditional dispute resolution mechanisms.[Either under Arbitration Act 1995 or Civil Procedure Act.] [Criminal Case No. 86 of 2011, High Court at Nairobi] [Article 159 (2)(c)] Nevertheless, the Article has been interpreted by the courts to include criminal cases which also include capital offences. The general rule therefore has been taken that as long as the mechanisms are not repugnant to justice and morality; any case may be resolved using them. The wording of the Article in the Constitution does not specifically state which cases are to be referred to other mechanisms other than court litigation. This appears to be a loophole which the parties to a criminal case have not failed to explore it.1.1.3Objects of criminal law and punishment.A crime refers to harmful act or omission against the public which the State wishes to prevent and which, upon conviction, is punishable by fine, imprisonment, and/or death. No conduct constitutes a crime unless it is declared criminal in the laws of the country. It may also be defined as anything the law makers say it is a crime. On the other hand, criminal law is seen as a series, perhaps not a system, of rules aimed at controlling misconduct, as well as behaviour of those involved in criminal justice system to ensure that stigma of a conviction is attached only to those whom it should be attached.[Read more: /definition/crime.html#ixzz2lAo3wD5c] [Dressler, J 2001, Understanding Criminal Law, LexisNexis, (3rd Ed) at 1] [Michael, J, 2006, Criminal Law, Pearson Education publishers Ltd, (7th Ed) at 1] The object for which criminal law exist and thereby imposition of punishment is retribution, deterrence, incapacitation and rehabilitation.[Clarkson, C M V and Keating, H M, Criminal Law: Texts and Materials, Sweet and Maxwell, (4th Ed), at 26] Retribution indicates vengeance or expiation, and more often, giving the offender their just deserts and/or using punishment as a system of censure or denunciation. It looks back to the crime and punishes because of the crime.["à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬the infliction of punishment by law gives definite expression and a solemn ratification and justification to the hatred which is excited by the commission of the offence, and which constitutes the moral or popular as distinguished from conscientious sanction of that part of morality which is also sanctioned by the criminal law. The criminal law thus proceeds upon the principle that it is morally right to hate the criminals, and it conforms and justifies that sentiment by inflicting upon the criminals, punishments which express ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬." As per James Fitzjames Stephen, A History of the Criminal Law of England, Vol. II (1883) at 81-82] Deterrence is however forward looking and concerned with consequences of punishment. It aims at reduci ng the crime by threat or example of punishment. It is intended to refrain the offender from further committing the crime as well as warning the potential offenders.[Clarkson, C M V and Keating, H M, Criminal Law: Texts and Materials, Sweet and Maxwell, (4th Ed), at 36] Incapacitation seeks to render the offender incapable of committing more crimes if left at large. It applies in cases where neither rehabilitation nor deterrence works. The protection given to the public is thus locking up the offender.[Ibid at 47] Rehabilitation seeks to reform the offender. Its aim is to secure conformity, not through fear but through some inner positive motivation on the part of individual. This is improving the character of the offender so that it is less inclined to committing the offence.[Ibid at 53] 1.2Statement of the problemADR and particularly victim offender mediation has, at least in theory, both national and international acceptance and application. Many organisations have been establish ed to facilitate the process of victim offender mediation, both locally and internationally.In Kenya, there is no specific legislation dealing with victim offender mediation, and therefore highlighting the scope of the process. There is no categorisation of the offences that may be referred, or subjected, to victim offender mediation. Of late, victim offender mediation is conducted under the auspices of the Constitutional provisions which encourage use of alternative dispute resolution including traditional dispute resolution.[After promulgation of the constitution of Kenya 2010] [Article 159 (2)] This lack of demarcation under Constitution and any other statute present difficulties and controversy as to whether it also covers capital offences. This study therefore seeks to address the problem of categorization and suggest the category of offences to which victim offender mediation can apply1.3Justification of th...

How to Write the Perfect College Essay Step by Step

As a rising senior in high school, I’m stressing out and frantically rushing to complete college applications, improve my test scores last minute, and handle a full load of IB courses all at once. Recently, I visited my brother in Washington D.C. for a few weeks, leaving ample time for him to remind me that deadlines for college applications were approaching. After the initial breach of the subject, to which, as all teenagers I assume, I reacted with an annoyed look and an eye-roll, I managed to loosen up and actually listen to what he was trying to say, which I will attempt to sum up in the following. Here are some questions to consider; The first question you have to ask yourself is, 1) What really makes you YOU? In other words, why are you special? You can look this up anywhere online, but college essay questions are looking to know what you’re going to bring to the school, and why they should take you. In a way, think of it as presenting yourself as a prize, an additional plus to the school. 2) What can you bring to the school that nobody else can? You’re not a burden. Your goal isn’t to try to prove to them that they owe you a spot because you’re good enough, but to explain to them why they need YOU in their school. Remember, you’re prime real estate and you need to sell it. 2) What is special about you? This seems to be an easy enough question to answer, but if you really think about it, the first things you say are answers that hundreds of thousands of other college applications think of themselves. Sure, we’re all kind, caring, intelligent, talented, and supposedly individual. Even though these words can be used to describe a good amount of the human population, there are subcategories. Delve deeper into these words. 3) What makes you an individual? (Besides the obvious, don’t be a smartass.) Is it your ability to see when others are in need of help, and being able to provide them w ith the right tools to fix it? To sum it all up, what you need to do is focus on yourself and your qualities. 1) Leave aside plenty of time to answer these questions to the utmost of your ability College essay questions are generally broad and have a million different answers, which seems easy enough at first glance, but explaining yourself and successfully addressing the prompt in a 350 word limit is a lot harder than it seems. 2) Draft, edit, re-draft, share, read, delete, edit, save a thousand times over. The more eyes, the more likely your essay is going to be well written, and possibly good enough, for the college of your dreams. Don’t hesitate to ask your family members, your teachers, your counselors, your friends. Every single person who reads something has a different insight and opinion to add, and the more you hear, the more you see your own work through somebody else’s eyes. How many times do teachers lecture us to read and re-read our work before tu rning in the final paper? Now, more than ever, this is an important lesson that must be taken seriously. 3) Reflect on all experiences in your life, regardless of how cheesy and/or irrelevant you might find your ideas to be. These experiences and thoughts are the gateway to the perfect college essay. Never underestimate your personal experiences and stories. There’s a reason college essay prompts ask you to write an essay about YOU. You’ve spent a good time on this earth, meaning that whether or not you think you’re interesting, you definitely have a collection of experiences that is completely individual to you. And only you. Nobody else on the planet has existed and lived in the exact same way, meaning that to any college you apply, you have something to bring that nobody else does. Literally, by definition of individual. So never underestimate a personal experience, you don’t know what it could lead to! 4) Seriously, read it again. I cannot stres s this enough. A single extra space or grammar mistake could cost you the entry or a scholarship to your dream school, regardless of whether or not you accidentally pressed the space button too many times. The mistake isn’t the important part; it’s the carelessness and effortless submittal that shows you weren’t paying enough attention to your work. Take it seriously. To all college applicants for the 2015 fall semester, including myself, I wish the best of luck.

Development Of The Psychiatric Mental Health - 1199 Words

The development of the Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP) specialty began in the late 19th century as reform began to take place within the mental asylums of the time. Focus began to shift from restrictive treatment and the â€Å"baby-sitting† of patients towards actual medical treatment of those with mental illness (ANA, 2012). In 1882, Dr. Edward Cowles established the first hospital for the insane with a formally organized nurse training school. Central to the operation of the hospital was the use of trained nurses instead of â€Å"keepers† to care for patients (ANA, 2012). In 1913, Effie Jane Taylor established the first psychiatric nursing course as a part of the general curriculum at John Hopkins Hospital (ANA, 2012).†¦show more content†¦This program was different than the other â€Å"nurse-educator† focused programs of the time because it instead focused on assessing and diagnosing mental health problems and providing vario us therapies such as family, group, and individual (ANA, 2012). In 2003, the role of PMHNP was clearly defined and delineated in â€Å"Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner Competencies† published by The National Panel for PMHNP Competencies (ANA, 2012). To be a practicing PMHNP in Arkansas (AR), I will need to have certification, licensure, a collaborative practice agreement, and prescriptive authority. What I found most interesting about certification was that the required CE requirements needed to maintain ones AR RN licensure could be fulfilled simply by maintaining ones Advanced Practice Registered Nurse (APRN) certification (Arkansas State Board of Nursing, 2011). In regards to gaining a license as an APRN in AR, I found it interesting that a quality assurance plan and a collaborative practice agreement must be submitted (in addition to the other required documents) before a license would be issued (Arkansas State Board of Nursing, 2011). As I learned more about what a collaborative practice agreement was, it surprised me that it is encouraged that a collaborative practice agreement be broadly written (Hanson, 2014). This is recommended in order to leave room for growth and change as necessary in the clinical environment. What surprised me the most when learning about

Essay on Breast Cancer - 4172 Words

Breast cancer will strike one in every eight American women. This makes it the most common cancer in woman. Approximately 200,000 women are diagnosed with breast cancer each year. Of that number, 40,000 will die from breast cancer each year. (Journal of Environmental Health 2003) Breast cancer is just one type of cancer. Cancerous cells are cells that grow without the normal system of controls placed upon them. Breast cancer develops from the mammary ducts 80% of the time. The other 20% of the time the cancer develops from the lobules of the breasts. While breast cancer may occur in men, this paper will primarily focus on breast cancer in women. Breast cancer is 100 times more likely to affect women as it is men. There are two†¦show more content†¦Basically the breasts are located off to the sides of the sternum, on the front of the chest wall between the second and sixth ribs. (Anatomy of the Human Body, Gray, H.) During puberty hormonal changes cause the breasts to begin t o develop and mature. This stimulation comes from the release of estrogen from the anterior pituitary. The base of each breast lies on top of the pectoralis major, obliquus externus abdominis, and serratus anterior muscles and extends up into the axillary region. On the external surface of the breast, between the 4th and 5th ribs is the nipple. The nipple is made up of contractile muscle fibers and is capable of becoming firm and erect when stimulated. The color of the nipple can range from a light pink to brown. At the tip of the nipple there are up to twenty tiny openings from the lactiferous ducts. The circular area surrounding the nipple is called the areola. The color of the areola may also range from a light pink to a dark brown. During pregnancy the areola will darken. Imbedded in the areola are areolar glands which give the areola a slightly bumpy appearance. These glands secrete an oily kind of substance that acts as a skin protector during breast feeding. (Textbook of Medical Physiology, Guyton, 2000) The breast tissue itself is a series of lobules and mammary ducts that form a pattern similar to clusters of grapes. The lobules are round sacs that produce milk. The ducts areShow MoreRelatedBreast Cancer And Cancer Prevention2347 Words   |  10 Pages INTRODUCTION Statistics indicate that breast cancer-related complications are among the top causes of death among women for over 23% of all women’s deaths in the world (Donepudi et al., 2014). The great cases of breast cancer are attributed to lack of information on and hard data on the disease, especially on early diagnosis and treatment options. 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Abbs Relays Business Building and Managing a Global Matrix

Because this is a complex organization with sophisticated management practices, in MBA classrooms it may be necessary to spend some time in the early discussion ensuring that there is a clear understanding of the ABBÂ’s matrix structure and the management roles and relationships in the relays business. In executive education programs, participants are more likely to have had experience in such subtle organization processes, and the instructor can move more quickly from the basic diagnosis to the more evaluative and reflective discussion. Executives will be interested to discuss issues like what makes this global matrix work when so many others have failed, and what value is being created in return for the substantial operating cost such†¦show more content†¦The most likely scenario is that Jans will push for relief from the Comsys constraints so that he can focus more development resources on his local projects. This appeal will likely meet with approval from Baker, whose interests are aligned with actions designed to maximize local profitability. Gundemark, on the other hand, is likely to resist this request, arguing that it will set a dangerous precedent for other local operations to continue with their individual product development agendas. He will likely reaffirm the reasons behind the important commitment the relays BA has made to finding a common platform for future product development. Ideally, the debate should continue towards resolution, but if the parties seem as if they are polarizing or digging in, the instructor may intervene and ask if this is the way things work in ABB. Since Gundemark is likely to be in the minority, the instructor may ask what kinds of incentives, compromises or persuasions he may use to shift the debate. One obvious lever for Gundemark to use is his agreement to send two of his technical managers to Coral Springs to help out Jans. He might suggest that if Jans wants to ensure continued support from the BA, he also cooperate with its programs. At some stage during the discussion, particularly if it becomes heated orShow MoreRelatedBuilding and Managing a Global Matrix8112 Words   |  33 PagesHarvard Business School 9-394-016 Rev. April 26, 1999 ABB’s Relays Business: Building and Managing A Global Matrix It was a casual conversation between the chairmen of Asea and Brown Boveri in 1987 about the dismal state of the utilities equipment market that eventually led to merger talks between these two giant power equipment companies. Within weeks of the announcement in August 1987, Percy Barnevik, the CEO of Asea who was asked to lead the combined operations, had articulated a strategicRead MoreAbb Relay Business: Building and Managing Global Matrix811 Words   |  4 Pagesn the case study titled â€Å"ABB’s Relay Business: Building and Managing a Global Matrix†, the author attempted an examination of the success and challenges that occurred as a result of the decision to merge two medium scale telecommunications companies - Asea and Brown Boveri. The merger was necessitated by the depression in the utility equipment market. As a result of this, the chairmen of both companies met and decided it was in the best interest of the two companies to come together in forming an

Standardized Testing For Public School Systems - 1479 Words

For decades I.Q. testing has been seen as: controversial, insufficient, errorful, and unreliable when it comes to determining intellect. Used nowadays in standardized testing for public school systems as a way to measure their student’s â€Å"intelligence† in school and determine the federal funding for each school on a yearly basis. Many have seen this as unfair and wrongful of the government to try and measure something so intricate and vital to everyday living into simple numbers and figures. Then tell those who don’t land within certain parameters that they are useless in the real world. Since 1904, when it was created by British Psychologist Charles Spearman who collected data from several villages surrounding his home he concluded that the correlations amongst the multiple variables could best be explained by assuming that there was a single factor of mental ability that underlay them[12]. And thus the theory of the â€Å"g† factor and model was born. One year later French Psychologist Alfred Binet created the first usable I.Q. test that had the purpose â€Å" to help identify learning-disabled children who needed special schools†. Binet himself even warned that â€Å" a ‘brutal pessimism’ would follow if his test was ever mistaken as a measure of a fixed, unchangeable intelligence† [13] In 1912, American psychologist and eugenicist, Henry Goddard was hired by immigration authorities to do â€Å"quality control† [13] at Ellis Island due to the massive amount of Eastern and SouthernShow MoreRelatedThe Limitations Of Standard ized Testing Essay705 Words   |  3 PagesThe limitations of â€Å"standardized testing† as a rigid and narrow criterion for gauging the educational capabilities of students in public education. The criterion for standardized testing relies on narrow areas of knowledge that define a hierarchical imposition of â€Å"intelligence† testing that forces the student to perform ion a constrained academic environment. 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American education has become a deformed and twisted system with many flaws that are

Good Will Hunting Analysis free essay sample

Will Hunting is a 20 year old man who works as a janitor at MIT. He was a Caucasian man who lived in a poor economic neighborhood in south Boston, Massachusetts. He is also an Irish catholic man. His foster father was an alcoholic and he always came home drunk looking to abuse someone. Will provoked his foster father so he wouldnt hurt his mother or brothers. Wills foster father used to abuse Will when he was a child with a wrench. Will is currently separated from his parents and family. The only family he has are his best friends which he claims to be his brothers.He lives on his own and spends his time with his best friends. Wills friends describe him as a genius. Some of Wills psychologists might describe him as a crazy lunatic. Will Hunting plays the role of a smart, genius-level intellect who chooses to work in construction instead of a higher paying job he could get in to. I think Wills prenatal life was normal and healthy, because he is a genius and intellectual man. Information about his mother would be helpful to understand Wills prenatal life. If the mother was healthy or not during pregnancy would help me understand Will.His temperament was high reactive because he was alarmed of new experiences and he would also draw back from certain situations. When his girlfriend asked him to move to California with him, he was alarmed by this situation and started talking about how his job and home was in south Boston and couldnt just leave. He wasnt comfortable with this idea and immediately withdrew from this situation. He had an insecure attachment with his mother and father. He was not provided with a sense of security and therefore had problems in his future with exploring the environment he lives in.He had many psychological problems in his life and had to see many psychologists about it. He did not have a stable mother or father as a child and was taken to many foster homes without the proper parenting style used. His caregivers were inconsistent and did not meet his needs. The parenting style used in his foster homes was most likely authoritarian, because he showed a frightened, remote, and disobedient personality. Whenever he was comfortable in a position, he would hesitate or avoid new experiences. Caregivers were high in control and showed low responsiveness and warmth for him.He was comfortable in many situations but was then disliked experiencing new situations. Information about how he behaved more in his foster homes would be helpful to better understand him. When Will provoked his foster father, he would get abused by him. Will was an only a child but he understood well enough to protect his mother and brother. His foster father would come home drunk and he would look for someone to hurt. He didnt want him going after his mother and brother, so he would provoke him and get him mad at himself instead. Wills role in his id is his choice to get into neighborhood fights when problems he had in the past with others. His hate, and anger from the past with another bully made him want to assault the man without even thinking of the consequences of his actions. He did it for his immediate satisfaction for his anger. He has the brain of a genius and he decides to get into fights with people he doesnt like. As a result, he is sent to a court trial and they decide to put him in jail. Wills ego allows him to see a psychologist and listen to what he has to say.He chooses to go through with this even though he doesnt want to and feels he doesnt need it because if it part of his deal to keep out of jail. If he doesnt go through with this, then he knows he will be sent back to jail. His superego makes him stand up to his father. He chose to provoke his father and believed it was the right thing to do to protect his mother and brother. He had to provoke his father, when his father came home drunk in order to keep his father away from his mother, and brother. He believed this was the right thing to do in his conscience. His superego has a great influence on his behaviors, feelings, and thoughts.It shows that he is brave, protective of his family, and kind. He protects his family by being brave and standing up to his foster father. He is kind, and brave enough to take on these physical abuses to protect his mom, and brother. Will calls his friends when his girlfriend Skylar tells him she wont have sex unless she meets his friends and brothers. This is an example of his pleasure principle. An example of Wills reality principle is when he sees his girlfriend. If he does not satisfy her or make her happy, he knows she would not have sex with him or spend time with him.Wills fixation in his adolescence age is genital. As he reaches the point where sex is the primary focus of his pleasurable sensations, he seeks to satisfy the relationship between him and his girlfriend so he could spend more time with her. The experience he had with his foster father influenced his personality. When he was abused by his father, he turned into an aggressive child. Because he was abused by his foster father at such a young age, he grew up thinking violence was okay for him to do. Whenever his father was mad, he would hurt his family.So whenever Will did not like someone, he would get into fights with them if they were people he really hated. He also blames himself for being unhappy and from suffering through these horrible experiences even though it is not his fault. Analysis of Defense Mechanisms Will Hunting uses projection for one of the defense mechanisms. He pushes people away because he is afraid of being hurt if they abandon him first. He decides to break up with his girlfriend because he is afraid she will not like him at some point in the future. He is afraid of her abandoning him in the future, so he leaves her first.He also uses rationalization. After working in construction knowing he is a genius, he tells his friend that it is okay for him to be working in construction. He believes he will be happy working in construction for the rest of his life instead of a higher paying job using his genius intellect. Displacement is also used when Will is angry with his father years ago when he was abused as a young child. Because of this experience, he tends to push people away. He left his girlfriend because he was afraid of being hurt and abandoned by her in the future. He tells her he does not love her and leaves, hurting her emotional feelings.He is also denial of his experience with his foster father. He believes it is his fault for being abused by his father instead of loved. However, it is not his fault because he was just a young child who didnt know much yet. His use of defense mechanisms hinders his problems he attempts to deal with. By avoiding other people and pushing them away, he does not give others a chance to develop a close-friendly relationship. Will Hunting could have used sublimation and avoided his sexual urges to be more productive in society such as working in the mathematical field or becoming a doctor to help save lives.Analysis of Personality Humanistic Wills self-concept shows conditional positive regard by his parent. He believed it was his fault for being abused and therefore, he shows aggression towards others. His foster father abused him when he was a child and therefore believes he is only loved when his behavior is acceptable. He provides unconditional positive regard toward others. His girlfriend still loves him and accepts him for who he is even though he left her. She knows he is going through a hard time and Will knows he is confused on what he should do and how he should deal with his situation.Analysis of Personality Social Cognitive Will has weak self-efficacy when it comes to relationships. He doubts himself and tends to avoid getting into close relationships because he is not confident about his actions. He believes his girlfriend would reject him at one point in the future. He is afraid of being abandoned and hurt by her leaving him. He then leaves her because of this and tells her he doesnt love her. He was able to strengthen this area of weak self-efficacy when he sees his psychologist and heard about his story. His psychologist, Sean missed a baseball game to go see a girl he ended up marrying.He did not regret his decision and he was happy with his life. This motivated Will to see Skylar again and have a second chance with her. Will has strong self-efficacy when it comes to mathematics, science, reading, and history. Will lived in a poor run-down apartment in a bad neighborhood. This influenced his thoughts and actions. He got into lots of neighborhood fights with people he didnt like from school. He also believes he can do whatever he feels like doing such as going to bars and picking fights instead of being in an educated school or high paying workplace. Analysis of Stress CopingSome daily hassles that create stress for Will are getting into neighborhood fights with people he didnt like from school. He had to go to court, and he was sent to jail. He then had to see a couple psychologist and listen to professor Lambeau if he wanted to stay out of jail. A personal event that created a lot of stress for Will was his experience with his foster father. He was abused by his father at such a young age and this greatly affected his thoughts, and behaviors in life. He believes it is his fault for being abused as a young child. He then has trouble socializing with others at times. He fears abandonment from his girlfriend.He is stressed psychologically from his child abuse and lives a troubled life because he does not get the proper care and treatment. He does not get any social support for his problems. Will uses escape-avoidance because he does not want to be associated in close personal relationships with other people. He avoids Skylar and leaves her when he thinks their relationship is about to get too close. He tends to escape and push them away from him. He is distancing himself from others. Will appears to self-medicate to deal with his psychological stress. He smokes cigarettes when he is stressed out or depressed to help cope with his problems.