Transmission Of A Tv Signal English Language Essay

Transmission Of A Tv Signal English Language Essay In electronics, many different types of carrier signals exists and due to the fact that this signals simply carry data intended for a different audience, which most of the times, are farther than the area of production of such signals. This gave rise to various modulation techniques to ensure effective transfer of these signals bearing information without loss of quality or degradation. This paper deals on how to modulate a Television (TV) signal using 16-QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) Keywords include: 16-QAM, TV Signals, Amplitude Modulation, Data, and Attenuation, baseband. 1.0 Introduction Everyday different types of signals transverse the air around us, most of which we cant feel or see, but we see their impact or influence everyday through different electronic gadgets we have or own personally. Most of these electronic gadgets are able to work as a result of them being able to receive a signal and they able to correctly interpret that signal and we in turn appreciate the devices. For the devices to correctly interpret these signals a kind of technique was used and this is known as Demodulation, this being that the devices are designed to receive this type of signals. The processes that led to being able to demodulate is what my focus is on; the process is known as modulation. Why modulation? This is due to the fact that not all intended users of a particular device or service reside close to the production station and also production signals called baseband signals cant travel much and would need a lot of power to transmit them over the air medium and this adds to the operating cost of the station and this is not acceptable. 2.0 Transmission medium for TV signal As with any kind of signal, the most important of that signal is to be received and decoded correctly, so that information encoded can be seen or viewed. The medium of passage of such signals is of consequence, because these helps to know the appropriate modulation to use and what, this information is tied to the channel coding, the advantages of the channel and the noise rate of that channel in consideration. For example, the transmission medium for sound received by the ears is usually air, sound can also travel through solids, liquids and plasma Electromagnetic waves have no need of any material substance for it to propagate but can be affected by the transmission media they pass through at the boundary between the media by absorption, reflection or refraction. Therefore, TV signals are like communicating data sent from one location to another which requires a pathway or medium. These pathways, called communication channels; two types of preferred media are: (a) Cable (twisted-pair wire, cable, and fibre-optic cable) and (b) broadcast (microwave, satellite, radio, and infrared). {Note:- Cable media use physical wires of cables to transmit data and information, while Twisted-pair wire and coaxial cables are made of copper, and fibre-optic cable is made of glass.} 2.1 BASEBAND SIGNAL The definition of a baseband signal is a signal that contains information, which may vary from audio signals, video signals, speech signal, image signal and many different other types depending on application and use. These signals cant move more than a few metres after production; for example, a speech signal; two persons can hear themselves clearly in close proximity to each other, as the distance between them increase, they start hearing faint messages or signals from each other and at a point, they cant hear each other again. Therefore for them to be heard no matter the distance between them there is need to modulate the speech signal generated by each person, so that each person can hear what the other person has said or is saying. A signal can be said to be an analogue data stream with which it varies with respect to space and time; with this property, each signal can be sampled, quantized, and transformed into digital data streams or packets. These processes it goes from being analogue to digital data streams or packet is called modulation. There are different modulation techniques used to carry different signals depending on the transmission medium and the condition inherent in that medium. 2.2 Modulation What is modulation? According to Margaret Rouse, modulation is the combination of signal to an electronic signal carrier, modulation is useful in direct current by turning it on and off to alternating current. Literally, modulation can be said to be a way of quicken the transfer of data or information through a medium. Transmission of sound through air has restricted degree of power generated by the lungs, to give the extent at which the voice can reach there is need to transmit it through a medium such as phone line, radio etc. therefore, the successful conversion of information in this case voice, to pass through a medium such as wire or radio waves is known as Modulation (www.complextoreal.com ). 2.3 TYPES OF MODULATION Modulation helps in many ways and it can be referred to as the process of transposing a signal wave onto a carrier wave in order to carry information. There are 3 three key properties of this carrier wave, which is a sinusoid wave with an amplitude, a phase and a frequency, these properties can be exploited to generate another kind of waveform to carry the intended information which is known referred to as a modulated signal. (www.encyclopediapro.com/mw/modulation) In most part of the world, frequency spectrum is expensive to waste and often its a national property, which means, to use it, the intending user has to be licensed and must follow a protocol process to have that frequency band assigned to him solely and given the channels parameters he can use. This is because, there are many different users competing for the same frequency band, due to the fact that the lower the frequency given, the lower the operating cost of using that frequency band. There are 2 broad class of modulation; they are the analogue modulation and the digital modulation. In analogue modulation, there is a continuous change in response to the signal to be modulated; this can be seen in Phase Modulation, Frequency Modulation, Amplitude Modulation, Single-Sideband Modulation, and Vestigial-sideband Modulation. In digital Modulation, there are changes in the signal position with respect to a starting position, while each position corresponds to a piece of information or symbol and can be represented on a constellation diagram. Examples include: Phase-Shift Key (PSK), Frequency-shift Key (FSK), Amplitude-shift Key (ASK), Minimum-shift Key (MSK), Gaussian minimum-shift Key (GMSK), Very minimum-shift Key (VMSK), Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), this a combination of PSK and ASK. Continuous phase modulation  (CPM) and Trellis coded modulation  (TCM). (www.encyclopediapro.com/mw/modulation) For each of these types of modulation techniques, their phases, frequencies and amplitude are assigned a unique sequence of bits which corresponds to an equal number of bits and make up a symbol that represent that particular phase or code. 3.0 QAM The modulation of interest for the purpose of his paper is the QAM, or Quadrature Amplitude Modulation, from research; it was noticed that QAM has both an analogue and digital modulation properties depending on how its to be applied. QAM is made up of two modulation scheme, namely the Amplitude-shift Keying which is achieved by modulating or changing the state of the amplitude of two carrier waves to carry two analogue message signal or two digital data streams. The other is the Phase-shift Keying, in which the sinusoidal waves are usually out of phase to each other and apart by 90o. When these two waveforms are combined, it results to Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (two different amplitudes two out of phase signals). QAM, this modulation technique is used to encode and transmit digital cable channels, while the simplest of the QAM techniques is the 16-QAM i.e. 24 phase points, this is able to carry 6MHz bandwidth regulated by the authoritys policy. The type of signal interested in is the signal generated from a video source, this type of signal consumes more than the set frequency of 6MHz, a typical video source signal is huge, so using 16- QAM techniques, it is possible to encode the signal onto the QAM carrier wave to carry it and pass through the 6MHz bandwidth limit and still be able to carry additional signals such as the voice signal component of the video signal. However there are different video formats such as the NTSC, PAL, MPEG; this video formats also help in reducing the size of video signal, hereby assisting the 16-QAM to effectively encode the signal without loss of quality and making it noise proof. Other variants of QAM includes 64, 256 phase variants, but as this phases size inc rease, so do they incorporate noise and mismatching often affect the performance of the receiver to be correctly tuned in to receive the sequence of bits sent over the medium. One of the uses of QAM is in the modulation of digital television systems, due to its high spectral efficiencies and the requirement of a cleaner path, and such hybrid fibre coaxial cables are used to deliver digital television signals to homes. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAM_tuner, 2012) In the United Kingdom, 2 variants of the QAM are being used, this are the 16 and 64 variants and they are used for digital terrestrial TV like Freeview by British Telecoms Top-Up TV, while for the 256-QAM, is being considered for the HD version of freeview which is delivered over high speed fibre optics links to homes across the country. Therefore, the makeup of QAM is shown via the figure below and the different modulation techniques it uses to modulate and encode its own signal and how it lead to the development of QAM. 3.0.1 Amplitude Shift Keying (Ask) According to N.Vlajic (2010), Ask is the modulation of digital data with changes in the amplitude of a carrier while both frequencies an d phase remain constant; carrier signal is varied by representing the binary with 0 and 1. Also in ASK, the mode of operation is to vary the amplitude of the carrier wave to carry a baseband signal, while the frequency and phase remain constant. Ask has two levels called binary bits of implementing its modulation process and it is often referred to as Binary Amplitude shift keying or on-off keying (B-ASK or OOK). Each binary bit corresponds to a symbol that represents an amplitude level. According to (Glover and Grant, 2004, chapter 11, page 391), they said that in B-ASK, the two digital levels can be one and zero, to represent the pulse of a sinusoidal carrier wave, although any one of the changing amplitude can be inferred to be one and the other zero and from this result, it describes why it also referred to as on-off keying sequence. This method of digital sequence of one and zero can be referred to a switch and was used to transmit Morse codes (Wikipedia) in the early 20th century. In recent times, additional amplitude levels has been developed for enhanced encoding schemes such as a 4 four level encoding scheme to take on two bits or 22with corresponding shift in amplitude, also there is an eight level scheme to represent 3 three bits or 23, and so on. This gives a reduced power required to transmit and hence advantageous to use. (Wikipedia-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude-shift_keying) A binary amplitude-shift keying (BASK) signal can be defined by S (t) = A m (t) cos 2pfct. For: (0 Implementation of ASK is relatively cheap and simple but its amplitude is usually affected by noise, distortion s and the propagation conditions on different route which makes the process more difficult. In ASK digital data is transmitted over an optical fiber. Figure 1. ASK signal representation. 3.0.2 Phase shift keying (PSK) Phase-shift keying (PSK) refers to a modulation scheme that is used to carry information by changing, or modulating, the phase of the carrier wave. PSK can still be defined as the modulation of digital data with amplitude at peak, frequency remain constant and phase with carrier signal varied to depict binary 0 or 1, with binary 0 = 180 degree phase and binary 1 = 0 degree.PSK is not sensitive to error and productively make use of bandwidth, so high data rate is possible but has more complex signal detection (N. Vlajic, 2010). This modulation scheme like the Amplitude shift Keying (or ASK) also uses a finite number of distinct signals to represent digital data. Each of the finite phases, is assigned a unique pattern of binary digits that forms a symbol. Phase shift keying comes in two forms, which are binary PSK (this uses two phases which are 180o apart) and Quadrature PSK (this uses four phases and the phases are 45o, -45o 135o and -135o). (Forouzan, 2013 pg 144) 3.0.2.1 Binary PSK In Binary PSK, it has only two signal element said suggested by Forouzan, 2013, pg 142; with each phase set at 0o and the other at 180o. The general form for BPSK follows this equation Sn (t). (wikipedia- H. Stern S. Mahmoud, Communications Systems, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2004, p283) s_n(t) = sqrt{frac{2E_b}{T_b}} cos(2 pi f_c t + pi(1-n )), n = 0,1. This yields two phases, 0 and à Ã¢â€š ¬. In the specific form, binary data is often conveyed with the following signals: s_0(t) = sqrt{frac{2E_b}{T_b}} cos(2 pi f_c t + pi ) = sqrt{frac{2E_b}{T_b}} cos(2 pi f_c t)For binary 0 s_1(t) = sqrt{frac{2E_b}{T_b}} cos(2 pi f_c t) For binary 1 [where fc is frequency of the carrier-wave.] Also, the BER of a two signal BPSK in AWGN can be calculated as follows P_b = Qleft(sqrt{frac{2E_b}{N_0}}right) P_b = frac{1}{2} operatorname{erfc} left( sqrt{frac{E_b}{N_0}}right) 3.0.2.2 Quadrature PSK This sub part of psk is such that it uses two separate BPSK modulations to generate a QPSK modulation scheme; this is able to work due to each BPSK band as an in-phase carrier and the other out of phase carrier. The phases are different and the first point is located at 45o, then 135o, then -135o and lastly -45o, the amplitude stays constant at 2 ½. The bit stream is then split into two bit streams I (in-phase) and Q (Quadrature) .The bit stream in-phase (I) is called the even stream and quadrature(Q) is called Odd stream. (http://turboblogsite.com/quadrature-phase-shift-keying-qpsk-modulation.html) QPSK is used mostly to transfer digital data by varying the phases of the carrier signal, the 4 phase points tally with 4 points on a circle and can be so represented. The figure below shows the mapping of the 4 phase points. QPSK diagram showing how four different binary codes can be transmitted Fig: QPSK diagram showing how four different binary codes can be transmitted The list below gives some of the other commonly used forms of phase shift keying, PSK, they are O-QPSK Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying, 8 PSK 8 Point Phase Shift Keying, 16 PSK 16 Point Phase Shift Keying, QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation, 16 QAM 16 Point Quadrature Amplitude Modulation and 64 QAM 64 Point Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/rf-technology-design/pm-phase-modulation/what-is-psk-phase-shift-keying-tutorial.php) Figure 2. PSK signal diagram representation 3.1 QAM bits per symbol The advantage of using QAM is that it is a higher order form of modulation and as a result it is able to carry more bits of information per symbol. By selecting a higher order format of QAM, the data rate of a link can be increased. (http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/rf-technology-design/pm-phase-modulation/8qam-16qam-32qam-64qam-128qam-256qam.php) The table below gives a summary of the bit rates of different forms of QAM and PSK. Modulation Bits per symbol Symbol Rate BPSK 1 1 x bit rate QPSK 2 1/2 bit rate 8PSK 3 1/3 bit rate 16QAM 4 1/4 bit rate 32QAM 5 1/5 bit rate 64QAM 6 1/6 bit rate 3.1.1 Quantized QAM using constellation diagram In QAM, the constellation diagram plots are usually arranged in square formation with different spacing and this spacing point represent binary bits per symbol, this spacing point is in the power of 2s. The more the bits per symbol, the more it is to transfer more information over a given channel or medium. But as the bits increase, the points move closer and make the system susceptible to noise corruption, and this gives rise to a high BER ratio, making useless the information sent due to its high noise component. There are different bit positions for the constellation diagram, this diagrams show the different position of each symbol and the states of QAM, and the constellation diagrams for BSPK, 16 QAM. 32 QAM, 64 QAM. Therefore, the figures below show various constellation diagrams: http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/rf-technology-design/pm-phase-modulation/modulation-constellation-bpsk.gif http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/rf-technology-design/pm-phase-modulation/modulation-constellation-16qam.gif http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/rf-technology-design/pm-phase-modulation/modulation-constellation-32qam.gif http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/rf-technology-design/pm-phase-modulation/modulation-constellation-64qam.gif 3.1.2 QAM applications QAM is in many radio communications and data delivery applications. However some specific variants of QAM are used in some specific applications and standards. For domestic broadcast applications for example, 64 QAM and 256 QAM are often used in digital cable television and cable modem applications. In the UK, 16 QAM and 64 QAM are currently used for digital terrestrial television using DVB Digital Video Broadcasting. In the US, 64 QAM and 256 QAM are the mandated modulation schemes for digital cable as standardised by the SCTE in the standard ANSI/SCTE 07 2000. In addition to this, variants of QAM are also used for many wireless and cellular technology applications. 4.0 Conclusion In this review, it is clearly shown that Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) and Phase Shift Keying (PSK) modulation techniques that form Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) ensures effective transfer of TV signals In QAM different combination of amplitude and phase are used to achieve higher digital data rate, the number of bit transmitted per time T (sec) interval can be further increased by increasing the number of levels used References Behrouz A. Forouzan , Data communications and Networking H. Stern S. Mahmoud, Communications Systems, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2004, p283) http://engineering.mq.edu.au/~cl/files_pdf/elec321/lect_mask.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude-shift_keying (Accessed 06 December 2012) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAM_tuner, 2012 (Accessed: 28 November 2012) http://turboblogsite.com/quadrature-phase-shift-keying-qpsk-modulation.html http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/rf-technology-design/pm-phase-modulation/8qam-16qam-32qam-64qam-128qam-256qam.php (Accessed 06 December 2012) http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/rf-technology-design/pm-phase-modulation/what-is-psk-phase-shift-keying-tutorial.php (Accessed 06 December 2012) Ian A. Glover and Peter M. Grant, Digital communications, second edition Intuitive Guide to Principle of Communication, www.complextoreal.com Margaret Rouse, July 2005 Merriam Webster N.Vlajic, Instructor, CSC 3213, fall 2010. Analog transmission of digital data (ASK, FSK, PSK, QAM) Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia (Accessed: 28 December 2012) www.encyclopediapro.com/mw/modulation (Accessed: 28 November 2012)

The River Runs Through It :: essays research papers

The 'Water is Wide'; takes place on the coast of South Carolina and Yamacraw Island during the nineteen sixties. A man by the name of Pat Conroy offers to teach over on the island, many people on the island have no education and are illiterate. When Conroy gets over to the island he finds himself very disgraceful. The teachers at the school believe that the children cannot be taught. His method of teaching is very different from others. One of Conroy's goals was to teach the children about America. So he showed them movies and let them listen to American musicians. After doing this about every day, it made an influence in the children's lives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Big C and Lincoln were the class clowns. They hated the principle because every time they did something bad she would beat them. During most of his time on the island, Conroy stayed with the Skimberry's. The Skimberry's were a nice couple named Zeke and Ida.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Halloween came around Conroy decided he wanted to take the children over to Bluffton, South Carolina, or Halloween so they could 'trick or treat.'; None of the kids even knew what 'trick or treating'; was. After making field trip forms and sending them home with all the children. The children came back with one of them signed. So Conroy went door to door asking begging each of the parents to let their children go.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout the story Pat Conroy took the children many places. Unfortunately Mrs. Brown and Ted Stone accused him of doing many wrong things. He was not able to return the next year.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Even if Conroy did not teach the children anything, he still felt they would be able to survive in the outside world. I like this book. It made me very thankful that I have a good education. I also like the way Pat Conroy writes. In the future, I hope to read some of his other books. My favorite part of the book was when they would listen to the music of different artists, I also liked when they would play outside and he would tell about how they played so roughly.

Bed & Breakfast Pet Hotel

When people go on vacation or on a business trip, sometimes it is impractical to bring the family pet. Not long ago many would just ask a neighbor to keep an eye on the pet while the family was gone. Others would leave the pet with enough food and water to survive during the trip, although this was impractical for long trips.These options each come with advantages and disadvantages, but they fail to ensure that the family pet is not just watched, but pampered. This concept of pampering the family has sprouted a whole new industry of pet facilities.With more people seeing the pet as of a family member, the care of the pet is becoming more important. In 2006 families spent approximately $38 billion on their pets and around 63% of household own at least one pet (Koncius, 2006).This has brought about a rise in pet hotels / pet bed and breakfasts. PetsHotel, a division of PetSmart, is a leader in this rising industry. PetSmart purchased a pet hotel in 2000 in the Tucson, AZ area and has e xpanded it to over 50 stores since then. PetSmart’s goal is to eventually have over 400 PetsHotel facilities nationwide and in Canada.However, PetSmart is not the only company getting into this rapidly expanding industry. This report is evaluating PetsHotel and its place in the industry. Specifically this report will demonstrate its position in the market through a Strength, Weakness, Opportunities, and Threats analysis, or SWOT analysis.This analysis will provide a clearer picture of what PetsHotel is facing in regards to the competition, trends, and future expansion. It will demonstrate where PetsHotel has a significant advantage over its competitors and where it has shortfalls. StrengthsThe most notable strength PetsHotel is the strong brand name and familiarity of its parent company, PetSmart. According to PetSmart’s website, the company has almost one thousand stores in the United States and Canada (PetSmart, 2007).PetSmart entered the pet hotel industry in 2000 w hen it recognized â€Å"its huge potential and it fits perfectly into [its] strategy of providing the lifetime needs of pets and their parents† (PetSmart, 2008). Customer loyalty and name recognition provides assurance for those customers who may not want to take a risk with a local, known pet facility.With how important pets have become to the owner, many owners will not want to take the risk of a bad facility. Jim Krack, founder of American Boarding Kennels Association, or ABKA, stated that â€Å"Pet owners expect the same type of amenities from their pet care providers as they receive from their child day care providers† (Shim, 2007).It is assumed that most people would not just place their children in any childcare facility without first ensuring a certain level or standards and safety. The name brand of PetSmart gives PetsHotel that instant recognition. In the fiscal year 2007, PetSmart posted $4.2 billion in sales and has $209 million in cash (Yahoo! Finance, 200 8). This cash cow can aid in the design and construction of new facilities. This will allow PetsHotel to quickly expand into competitive areas and into new, untapped market areas. Other competitors will not have the cash available without going into substantial debt to expand as quickly as PetsHotel can.Economies of scale also provide PetsHotel with a significant strength. Since smaller pet facilities will be unable to purchase items in the bulk level that PetsHotel can, the per item cost will be much greater than PetsHotel.Overhead and other expenses can be spread out amongst the over 50 PetsHotels already built. In comparison, Wags Hotel only has three stores to spread its costs around. Weaknesses Although the size PetsHotel is an advantage, it also lends itself to outside threats.The perception by some is larger companies many not provide as intimate and caring service for the pets. Consequently, many will prefer smaller, local services over the big corporate service of PetsHotel . Others will not want to go to the corporate establishment in favor of the local â€Å"ma and pa† pet facilities.The reasons for this could be the perception of intimate pet care with the smaller facility or it could just be hatred toward corporate America. Another weakness is a lack of accreditation. The American Boarding Kennels Associate, or ABKA, is a non-profit organization that seeks to assure high standards in pet care.ABKA provides pet owners with a set standard of quality of different hotels and kennels through a Pet Owner’s Bill or Rights and certifying different pet hotels. Out of 93 accredited pet facilities, none of them are PetsHotel brand pet facilities.To obtain certification the facilities must be â€Å"in compliance with the standards of the ABKA Voluntary Facilities Accreditation Program and have successfully completed an on-site evaluation by ABKA† (ABKA, 2008). A lack of certification from a reputable firm such as ABKA is a strong weakness for PetsHotel.ABKA’s website does list PetsHotel as a facility that can house a pet, but it also lists their lack of accreditation. This could sway a potential pet owner customer away from PetsHotel in favor of a pet facility that is accredited. OpportunitiesThe nearly 1000 PetSmart locations provide ample opportunity for quick expansion of the PetsHotels. By utilizing the PetSmart facilities, PetsHotels can quickly set up operations and provide services already at the PetSmart stores such as grooming, training, and Bansfield pet hospital. Some of these features have already been added to PetsHotel’s Add-On features.These features include nail clipping, bath time, and access to a Banfield clinic in an emergency (PetsHotel, 2008). By utilizing PetSmart’s other services, PetsHotel could offer other services such as pet training and grooming beyond a simple bath.In 2006, PetsHotel announced that it wanted to reach a total of 435 hotels throughout the United States and Canada (PetSmart, 2008). This is an achievable goal in part because of the huge cash flow PetSmart can generate through its other business segments and because of the already established name brand in those areas. Companies such as Wags Hotels only recently added two more hotels.Those two new hotels are still within the general geographic area of central California (WagsHotel, 2008). However, PetsHotel is already in 26 states and plans three more openings in the next few months (PetsHotel, 2008).Threats PetsHotel’s website lists its hours of operations 7:00 AM to 9:00 PM Monday thru Saturday and 8:00 AM to 6:00 PM on Sundays. PetsHotel has a check-in and check-out time of 12:00 PM (PetsHotel, 2008). The problem that PetsHotel can run into is a 24-hour service such as Wags Hotel. By offering 24-availability, Wags Hotel allows travelers who arrive late at night to pick up their pet once they arrive. PetsHotel’s model would force the traveler to pick up their pet the next day and charge them for that extra night.Smaller pet facility companies are seeing the need for emergency veterinarian services. PetsHotel uses Banfield which is partnered with PetSmart. These smaller companies are starting to team up with the local veterinarians to provide the same quality service.Although the overhead for this service is spread out amongst the larger PetSmart Corporation, PetsHotel will further have to demonstrate that its corporate services are as good, caring and intimate as the local facilities and veterinarians. An example of this is Wagg Inn Pet Hotel with the Animal Hospital of Ashwaubenon, WI.At home pet nannies are another source of threat to PetsHotel’s business. People have been turning to high-class pet hotels because of how much they care about their pets. However, many feel reservations about leaving their pet in a facility at all.The alternative is to leave the pet at home and hire a pet nanny. One concern is whether the other â€Å"gues ts† at the pet hotel are current on their vaccinations. If the pet is left at home, there is no concern at all. Also, the pet will be comfortable in its normal routine and happy places.This alleviates any concerns of trying to settle the pet back into normal routines, especially where to go to the bathroom. Conclusions and Recommendations PetsHotel is in a very good strategic position compared to its competition.Availability of cash in conjunction with the strong brand recognition of PetSmart means it can place a facility anywhere in the United States and Canada and have instant credibility as a company that will provide quality pet care. PetsHotel should continue to innovate in pet quality and care through better designs of its facilities and services.It needs to continue to emphasize its high pet care and quality of service of both PetsHotel and PetSmart. Because PetsHotel is a division of PetSmart, and damage to the brand reputation of PetSmart will instantly translate into damage to the PetsHotel reputation. If the quality of service at the PetSmart stores declines, the perception will be that quality has also decreased in its pet hotels.Where PetsHotel needs to be concerned is in its accreditation and availability. Although AKBA is just one organization, PetsHotel can ill afford to ignore any organization devoted to pet facility quality and care.For people who want to ensure their pets are well taken care of, the lack of accreditation could mean a loss in customers. If the people are happy with both the service of AKBA and the local pet hotel, PetsHotel could lose more potential customers through word of mouth. By gaining accreditation, PetsMart not only retains its corporate brand of quality, but it is substantiated through AKBA.PetsHotel must also find a way to address those who do not want to disrupt their pet’s routine. PetsHotel and other pet hotel websites do list how the pet will re-enter its routine once it goes home.However, more is needed than just a small blurb on the website. PetsHotel needs to reassure anyone who inquires about this and possible provide examples through customer satisfaction surveys and testimonials. References American Boarding Kennel Association. (2008). American Boarding Kennel Association.Retrieved on January 25, 2008 from http://www. abka. com/abka/. Koncius, Jura. (Apr. 2006). Pet Hotels Really Puttin' on the Dog. The Washington Post. Retrieved on January 25, 2008 from http://www. projo. com/pets/content/projo_20060430_petshotel.80bdaa6. html. Petsmart, Inc. (PETM). (2008). Yahoo! Finance. Retrieved on January 26, 2008 from http://finance. yahoo. com/q? s=PETM. Shim, Joan. (Sept. 2007). Pampered pooches, fat cats living large in luxury pet hotels. CNN. Retrieved on January 25, 2008 from http://www. cnn. com/2007/LIVING/worklife/09/12/travel. pets/index. html. Wagg Inn Pet Hotel. (2008). Wagg Inn Pet Hotel, LLC.Retrieved on January 25, 2008 from http://www. wagginn. com/. Wags Hotel. ( 2008). Wags Hotel. Retrieved on January 25, 2008 from http://www. waghotels. com/.

The Tourism Industry Is A Complex System Tourism Essays

The Tourism Industry Is A Complex System Tourism Essays The Tourism Industry Is A Complex System Tourism Essay The Tourism Industry Is A Complex System Tourism Essay The touristry industry is a complex system where its necessary to look at all different sectors which are act uponing each other, to acquire a clear understanding how this system works. A helpful tool to utilize already theoretical accounts and theories, use them on different illustration and measure them. The person as a possible client has to be analysed and categorised, which is resulting a better apprehension of tourer behavior. Furthermore it helps to acknowledge their determination devising advancement for a finish, every bit good as acquiring cognition about their demands and outlook. This essay will demo the use of these theoretical accounts and theories on illustration of the Dominican Republic. Tourism can be defined as a combination of services and activities for people who travel to topographic points outside of their familiar milieus. The definition of a tourer is wide-ranging, because the intent of travel scopes from vacations, concern trips, and visits to friends and relations to assorted other grounds such as survey, faith, shopping and so on. More than an industry, it is instead like a system that sells packaged vacations, activities, attractive forces, adjustments, and amusement. It is offering the chance to interrupt away from normal life and bask leisure clip in different locations. Tourism usually does non supply merely one individual merchandise ; largely it is a bundling of assorted merchandises to fulfill the demand of the tourer. For illustration, person traveling on vacation to London would non simply consume one merchandise from one provider. It is more likely that he is using a bundle of services. He might get by plane, travel by bus/train to his hotel, di ne in a eating house, and take a sightseeing circuit. Due to the fact that about every touristry merchandise is interlinked, there is no proprietor or director with complete control of his ain fate ( Gunn A.C. 2002, p.243 ) . Additionally, other industries, such as the oil industry, are linked to the touristry industry. In recent old ages tourism become a portion of day-to-day life because people have more leisure clip than they used to hold 50 old ages ago and the position of the work-life balance has changed. Another of import point to reference is that the touristry industry is one of the largest in the universe and is making 1000000s of impermanent and lasting occupations. In 2006 the travel and touristry industry s per centum of the universe gross domestic merchandise was 10,3 % , with a turnover of US $ 6,477.2 billion. The industry supported 234 million occupations, 8.7 % of entire universe employment ( Cooper, et al 2006: 3 ) . This information represents the planetary importance and significance to the universe economic system. Tourism does non include merely the supply of hotels, beaches and travel bureaus but besides economical, environmental and socio-cultural impacts. These three countries are ever commingling and conflicting. There are people whom are merely interested in doing a net income, other people desiring to protect the environment, and yet another group of people concerned with the societal and cultural impacts of a tourer part. All three groups must accomplish a balance to enable sustainable touristry. This thought is shown on the undermentioned graphic: 3. Tourist typology and their execution to touristry theoretical accounts Stanley C. Plog One attack to understand tourer behavior is to place different types of people, whereupon they can be categorised into a series of organized psychographic types. In 1973 Stanley C. Plog created a theoretical account for the American population demoing how personal motive influences the determination for a holiday finish. He divided tourers into four types: allocentric, near-allocentric, mid-centric, and near-psychocentric/psychocentric. The allocentric type positions going as an chance to detect foreign civilizations and prefers alien finishs. They are self confident and unfastened for new experiences. The near-allocentric type is clean, seeks challenges and views the journey as a opportunity to prove a new life style. The mid-centric type looks for relaxation and pleasance in a well-known environment. They want to get away from the day-to-day modus operandi and enjoy comfy adjustment. The near-psychocentric and psychocentric types are focused on themselves and are scared to detect s omething new. These people tend to look for a safe topographic point to vacation. Their pick of finish will be a topographic point they know and where they are non that far off from their place metropolis ( Johnson A ; Thomas, 1992: 19 ) . Plog considered that there are merely a few psychocentric or allocentric types because the bulk of tourers are mid-centric. However, Plog s theoretical account is difficult to use in world. For illustration the Dominion Republic has a batch of organized mass touristry and it is possible to form a journey by yourself every bit good. Every tourer is an single, so they can non be generalized. One trip can hold a wholly different juncture and characteristic than the other 1 ( Cooper, 2008: 48 ) . Cohen s tourer typology Another theoretical account which classifies tourers is Cohen s tourer typology. He divides tourers into the organized mass tourer, the single mass tourer, the adventurer and the vagrant. Cohen explains that organized mass tourers are typically buying a ready-made bundle circuit where they have no or merely a small contact with the local people and remain most of the clip inside a resort. This is similar to Plog s psychocentrics` type. In Cohen s theory most of the tourers are single mass tourers. They are similar to the organized mass tourers, but they have more flexibleness and range for personal pick. They want to hold contact to the local people. This class is comparable to Plog s midcentric tourers and most tourers fall into this class. The 3rd tourer type is the adventurer, who organises the trip by himself and looks for something particular, something off from the typical involvements of a mass tourer. However, he is still interested in comfy adjustments. The last type, the v agrant, is wholly independent, wants to populate with local people and wants to take portion in the native civilization. Cohen s last two tourers theories, the adventurer and the vagrant, which are besides the minority in this industry, are similar to Plog s allocentric tourers. ( Cooper et Al, p.51 ) . 5. Demand for the creative activity of tourer typologies and their pattern on the illustration of the Dominican Republic The ground why we need these typologies for different tourers is to assist and to be able to develop touristry finishs. Expectations and demands from tourers on a perfect vacation can be identified, so the coveted service can be supplied. Equally shortly as we know the different motives for persons going to a peculiar finish, a specific tourer type is traveling to be targeted. This means that in illustration of the Dom. Rep. the organized mass tourers in the bulk, which are looking for a safe vacation, we know their behavior and cognize how to be after for them. Most of the resorts in Dom.Rep. are designed for this patronage and have been developed really fast during the last 20 old ages to fulfill the demand from tourers. At the first phase resorts were build for adventurer or vagrant, and since the creative activity of bundle touristry, a batch of single mass tourers came to this country. With the creative activity of all-inclusive , there is no demand for tourers to go forth the hotel. Because of look intoing the different desire of tourers and specify them, it was possible to develop this country ( National and regional touristry planning 1994, p.147 ) . 6. Doxey s Index: The socio-cultural impact of touristry The Doxey s Index describes the relationship between visitants and the visited. He developed a five phase theoretical account which describes the first measure as the approaching A?euphoriaA? when a little figure of tourers arrive therefore exciting the economic system and a big figure of new occupations are created. The following stairss are apathy and annoyance . At this phase local people get foremost used to tourers in their familiar milieus, and afterwards annoyed, because excessively many people are sing the finish. Antagonism and acceptance are the last stairss in this theory. Native people start to avoid tourers and at the last measure they accept them. Acceptance agencies, that they accept tourers in their usual life and bury how the country was before tourers arrived ( Cooper et Al, p.47 ) . Top precedence should be ever constructing better relationships between occupants and visitants, which improves societal life for both sides. In Punta Cana, where the proportion of tourers is high to the figure of occupants, cultural jobs occur because of different society outlooks ( National and regional touristry planning 1994, p.147 ) . While Punta Cana has grown within 20 old ages, the local community did non hold adequate clip to set to the high figure of tourers. The three theoretical accounts of Plog, Cohen and Doxey are coterminous whith each other because when the first visitants ( vagrant ) arrive at a finish, local people are euphoric. These tourers ( allocentric ) are non scared to detect new countries. In the midcentric are the explorer and the individual mass tourers . At this phase the community becomes apathetic and annoyed . The last measure is the organized mass tourer who belongs to the psychocentric and native people start to accept them. The relationship between the theoretical accounts is additive ( Cooper et Al, p.47 ) . 7. Butler s Tourism Area Lifecycle ( TALC ) The Tourism Area Lifecycle ( TALC ) is a well-known theoretical account Butler created to exemplify the moral force of a tourer -destination or -product through different phases. The graph describes a characteristic map due to the natural interrelatedness between the exposure and strength of touristry. It shows the evolutional procedure where every touristry merchandise is traveling through, which can assist director to happen a manner out in instance of a crisis or new developed finishs to set up themselves. Butler first phase is exploration , where little figure of visitants arrive in an undeveloped country. These people been identified as Plog s allocentric or Cohen s explorer type. After their trip they are responsible for Involvement , because they tell others about topographic point they been to ( Ryan 2003, p.269 ) . A undermentioned rise of the curve during the development phase is logical, because more tourers can be carried. Butler says that the figure of tourers lessening until the transporting capacity is reached, this is the consolidation phase. New development has to go on once more to rejuvenate, otherwise it would come to a diminution of visitants ( Butler 2006 ) . While developing new schemes is of import to look into the bing facts and dressed ore on the potencies the finish is already supplying. At this point it is necessary to do a determination. To develop this topographic point, to go forth the topographic point how it is and increase the monetary value or allow it worsen. Decline is the following phase of Butler s TALC. This happens if excessively many tourers are geting at a finish at the same clip and the capacity is excessively low. Visitor are disappointed and the figure of tourers will therefore start to fall. An option to avoid diminution is Rejuvenation . That means that the country has to be developed for illustration with new hotels and beaches. 8. The 5A s theoretical account The 5As theoretical account was helpful to rejuvenate the Dominican Republic when it had been reached the stagnancy point. A new development of Attractions , Accessibility , Activities , Amenities and Accommodation were necessary to convey installations up to the degree demanded by international tourers. When the transporting capacity was reached, an indispensable component in the touristry take-off was authorities investing in the substructure of touristry zones. Over $ 76 million went into the Puerto Plata part between 1974 and 1982. New hotels and transit webs were built, to acquire electric power and satisfy H2O supply. Infrastructure was one of the chief of import things which had to be developed and when the airdrome in Punta Cana was built, a batch of new different tourers begun to see this country. ( http: //kiskeya-alternative.org/publica/afuller/rd-tourism.html # ecsoc ) Today the Dominion Republic is one of the most visited states and popular for household vacations. This finish fits perfect in Butler s TALC because at first it was an undeveloped topographic point and started to turn, determinations by the policy had to be done for illustration to rejuvenate the topographic point, to allow the country how it is or to allow it worsen. The Dominican authorities decided for greening because of the high potency of this country. With new roads, attractive forces, airdromes and hotels the resort development scheme was successful ( National and regional touristry planning, 1994, p.147 ) . 9. Multiplier consequence In touristry the multiplier consequence is used to exemplify how many times money spent by a tourer circulates through a state s economic system. In other words when a new tourer finish is created, the local economic system benefits as new occupations are being created and tourist bring extra trade to local concerns. The most common illustration is when a new hotel is being built it does non merely make occupations straight in the hotel, but besides indirectly in other sectors of the economic system. The hotel has to purchase nutrient from local husbandmans, who so spend some of this money, for illustration, on domestic disbursals. When tourers spend money for local merchandises the demand for those merchandises additions, which besides increases secondary employment. However the multiplier consequence continues until there is a escape out of the economic system through imports, which is the purchase of goods from other states. The most common illustration would be a Third World state, such as Dominican Republic, much of the money spent by tourer terminal up go forthing the state s economic system via foreign-owned air hoses, hotels, imported drinks and nutrient, etc. A typical epicurean four star hotel would be more likely to import most of its goods and services ; if that means that better quality would be provided which would guarantee better client satisfaction. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //geographyfieldwork.com/TouristMultiplier.htm 10. Decision Models could be helpful to develop a successful touristry finish and understand the different motives of tourers. When the policy changes the supply for illustration to develop an country for bundle touristry, the demand will besides alter. That means that the supply has to run into the demand side when at the descriptive side the object and services altering. Plog s, Cohen s and Doxey s theoretical accounts are descriptive because they merely depict a state of affairs but Butler s theoretical account is descriptive and normative. TALC explains what is go oning in an country and makes diagnose. After this diagnose the job becomes clear and it is easier to do a determination for work outing this job. It is ever necessary to happen out how much potency a topographic point has to do significant development it in the right manner. For this fact touristry theoretical accounts are helpful. 11. Mentions Cooper, C, Fletcher, J, Fyall, A, Gilbert, D and Wanhill, S ( 2008 ) Tourism Principles and Practice ( 4thedn ) , Prentice Hall, Essex Gunn, C.A ( 2002 ) Tourism Planning ( 4th edn ) , Routledge, London Howie, F. ( 2003 a, B ) , Pull offing the Tourist Finish: A Practical Guide ( 1st edn ) , Cengage Learning EMEA Johnson A ; Thomas ( 1992 ) , Choice and Demand in Tourism, Mansell Publishing Limited National and regional touristry planning ( 1994 ) Methodologies and Case Studies ( World Tourism Organization ) ( 1st edn ) , Routledge, London Ryan, C ( 2003 ) , Recreational Tourism and Impacts ( 1st edn ) , Channel View Publications, Clevedon Dominican Republic touristry, Tourism Development in the Dominican Republic: Growth, Costs, Benefits and Choices, avaible from hypertext transfer protocol: //kiskeya-alternative.org/publica/afuller/rd-tourism.html # ecsoc ( accessed on 11.12.2009 )

Failures Can Be Productive Essay Example

Failures Can Be Productive Essay Example Failures Can Be Productive Essay Failures Can Be Productive Essay Productive failures are gateways for productive successes. Productive failures are those where we know that we are doing right, but need to take to lessons in application for achieving productive successes. In this competitive world, every individual and every organization intends a lot to achieve success. In search of this, the person or organization, needs to learn lot of new things. This learning will be effective when it involves innovation, experimentation, analysis, observation, willingness etc. The occurrence of failures is inevitable in this context. These failures give empirical evidence of what they can do next time. There are many examples of such productive failures that made individuals or organizations smarter. The organizations can adopt agile practices in their functioning with the help of productive failures. So, even a failure can be productive, when we take it as a ground work for productive success. â€Å"Even failures can be productive† mean that though a failure occurs, if we make use of it, we can gain, something from it. Productive failures can lead to productive successes. Now we need to know the differences between a productive success and an unproductive success. : An unproductive success is one when something goes well, but nobody knows how or why. Where as a productive success is that for which people know answers for how or why. Many organizations like Proctor and gamble, Xerox, Citicorp etc were got leadership. These organizations which stand as examples for making the failures as productive, now teaching lessons to many organizations. Organizations learning have become more critical as companies face environment of global competition and increasing rate of change. In such environment, there is a greater uncertainty and instability. In this scenario, even the best companies do not get everything right for the first time. Hence failures are very natural for any company. The efficiency of the company lies in how best the company is grabbing an opportunity to find something even from a failure that had occurred. The smart organizations can benefit in long run by productive failures in extracting ways to reach out to customers, suppliers, leaders of other industries, government policy makers and others who can provide information and insights about changing the world. Many organizations or individual persons are generally feel scarce of a failure. Also, the managements of many organizations cannot easily digest the organizational failures. This is the reason why, they do not want to accept for the fear of failure. But success starts with making changes that may be the matter of an organization or an individual. We are living in an environment where not only the success happen quickly, but also the failure can happen even much quicker. Organizations must get motivation to take the failures as challenges and must prove themselves to convert these failures as productive, which lead to successes in the future. Some great said their opinions about making the failures as productive. Some of these are as follows: * You cannot measure a man by his failures. You must know what use he makes of them. What did they mean to him. What did he get out of them? -Orison Swett Marden (1850 – 1924) * To avoid situations in which you might make mistakes may be the biggest mistake of all. -Peter McWilliams * Don’t be discouraged by a failure. It can be a positive experience. Failure is, in a sense, the highway to success, inasmuch as every discovery of what is false leads us to seek earnestly after what is true, and every fresh experience points out some form of error which we shall afterwards carefully avoid. John Keats (1795 – 1821) * Would you like me to give you a formula for success? It’s quite simple, really. Double your rate of failure. You are thinking of failure as the enemy of success. But it isn’t as all. You can be discouraged by failure – or you can learn from it. So go ahead and make mistakes. Make all you can. Because, re member, that’s where you will find success. -Thomas J. Watson * Mistakes are the portals of discovery. -James Joyce (1882 – 1941) People dislike the use of words like â€Å"fail† or â€Å"failure†. It is better to call it as â€Å"poor result†. A failure can always acknowledge that there is a problem that need to be solved Tips to make the failures as productive 1. Fail FAST! 2. Learn from it. 3. Don’t do it the same way again. CONCLUSION A failure can be changed as success by making it as productive. This can be done if we think positively and motivate our self by identifying the problem, whenever a failure occurs. With this identification, half of the problem is solved, leading to success. References: 1. Newspapers: The Hindu Indian express 2. Internet : www. agileforall. com www. productiveflourishing. com

Profile of World Food Organizations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Profile of World Food Organizations - Assignment Example FAO is currently engaged in food security programs and is striving to reduce hunger in the world in line with the Millennium Development Goals. Through a number of worldwide programs, FAO is promoting tangible and effective solutions to hunger, poverty and undernourishment. FAO is currently funding investment in agriculture. This is through the promotion of rural development in developing countries through identifying agricultural policies that are sustainable. It mobilizes funds from World Bank, regional development banks among other multilateral institutions. (FAO, 2003) The World Food Program has its headquarters in Rome, Italy. Its management team members include an Executive board having representatives from the thirty six member states. Ertharin Cousin is the current Executive Director. She is the head of the WFP secretariat. The WFP is funded by the European Union and various donations that are made voluntarily by the various governments in the world, private donors and corporations. The organization is currently involved in the coordination of pilot project, Purchase for Progress, which aims at helping the farmers access the agricultural market. WFP is also working towards improving the production in agriculture of the farmers in the developing countries through agricultural financing. UNDP has its headquarters in New York City. The management team members comprise of an administrator, Helen Clark, an associate administrator, Rebeca Grynspan and a number of assistant administrators including Tegegnework Gettu  from Ethiopia for Africa, Sima Sami Bahous representing the  Arab States,  Cihan SultanoÄŸlu  from Europe, Ajay Chhibber  representing Asia and the Pacifc,  Heraldo Munoz Valenzuela  representing the  Caribbean and the Latin America. At the Bureau of Management is  Jens Wandel  from Denmark. UNDP if funded majorly by private donors, governments and members.

MS (Multiple Sclerosis) Disease Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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