The Fall Of The Empire - 860 Words

The fall of the empire and the loss of its dominance of the known world. Rome was slowly loosing its hold on the world because of its grasp over the military. From contractors and the loss of morale, to the infighting that the military was put to use to stop instead of guarding the border. During the later periods of the Roman empire when it was still under one rule and not separate into the west and the east. The Romans began to contract out it s professional soldiers to German barbarians. With the addition of these outside forces, Roman saw a diminishing of her military powers and professional soldiers. Which would ultimately help lead to the downfall of the Roman Empire, the loss of the professional soldier to be replaced with the contracted help. According to Fall of Rome, â€Å"The empire had to begin hiring soldiers recruited from the unemployed city mobs or worse from foreign countries.† With the recruiting of the foreign countries in the Roman Legion this meant that th ey were no longer loyal to Rome. Being loyal only to the promise of coin by the emperors, this would cause more strife for the Roman Empire. As told by Fall of Rome â€Å"Such an army was not only unreliable, but very expensive. The emperors were forced to raise taxes frequently, which in turn led again to increased inflation.† Once inflation set in on the economy of the Romans, it was simply a matter of time, the fact of the matter was that the Romans where pumping the economy with money they could notShow MoreRelatedThe Fall Of The Empire1273 Words   |  6 PagesThe Roman Empire was known for being the most powerful nation in the world for over 2,000 years. Otherwise known as the eternal city, Rome quickly became the largest empire after being a city-state. However, for several reasons and over a long period of time, the empire began a period of decline. At the end of this period was obviously the fall of the Roman Empire. There are many aspects that contributed to the fa ilure of the Empire, and different people argue that different reasons were most importantRead MoreThe Fall of the Roman Empire609 Words   |  3 PagesThe Fall of the Roman Empire There are adherents to single factors, but more people think Rome fell because of a combination of such factors as Christianity, and economy, and military problems. Even the rise of Islam is proposed as the reason for Romes fall, by some who think the Fall of Rome happened at Constantinople in the 15th Century. Most people think it occurred during the fifth century, after the western division of the empire. There were several reasons for the fall of the Roman EmpireRead MoreThe Fall Of The Roman Empire1495 Words   |  6 PagesFor a long period of time, the debate about the cause of the fall of the Roman Empire has been a popular topic amongst historians. Most of these historians look at the issue from a standpoint that accepts that there were most likely several causes. The main root of the issue is whether or not these causes were internal or external. Some historians even go more in depth and try to hypothesize what the internal or external causes were. In fact, Adrian Goldsworthy and Peter Heather do just this whenRead MoreThe Fall Of The Roman Empire1430 Words   |  6 Pages While the fall of the Roman Empire is well known, the exact causes of why it fell can be difficult to pinpoint. Many historians believe that Rome s downfall was due to poor leadership, weakened economics, or perhaps a combination of the two along with other seemingly unrelated factors. However, there is a s tring of evidence suggesting that there were three main components that took place to bring about the fall of the Roman Empire. These determinant attributes did not happen all at once, and thereRead MoreThe Fall Of The Roman Empire1216 Words   |  5 PagesDuring the fall of the Roman Empire, the Church was able to stand tall and survive through the ruin. The power of Christianity prevailed as the glory of the city of Rome departed. The fall of Rome marked and epoch in the history of the west. Rome was no longer the city of Caesar, but it would now become known as the City of the Pope. The Catholic Church stepped in a filled the void left by the fall of Western Roman Empire. Several factors led to the papacy in Rome becoming the center of power.Read MoreFall of the Roman Empire1288 Words   |  6 PagesThe Pax Romana was a two hundred year time period where the Romans had peace and prosperity under Augustus. The Roman empire started to decline at the end of the prevail of the last five emperors, Marcus Aurelius in 161-180 A.D. The rulers in the next century had no idea how to deal with the problems the empire was having. There was many reasons to the fall of the Roman Empire but three stood out the most. The preliminary reason was the economy begins to decline. The alternative reasoning was RomeRead MoreFall of the Roman Empire758 Words   |  4 PagesTaylor Davino Professor Horsley HIS 126 3 March 2010 The fall of the Roman Empire Political, economic and social aspects were all involved in the fall of the Roman Empire. In 395 A.D., Rome was divided into two empires, with one capital in Rome and the other in Constantinople. During that time, the western Roman Empire was being invaded by barbarian tribes from the North. In 410, the Visigoth tribe succeeded in conquering the western capital in Rome. In 476, the western EmperorRead MoreThe Fall Of The Roman Empire1537 Words   |  7 PagesAncient Rome was an empire so dominant, wealthy and economically- stable which came to a dramatic fall in the period of 250AD- 500AD. Ancient Rome faced unexplained unfortunate events which crumbled the Great Empire from the affluent empire to a impoverished society. For centuries historians have timelessly theorised and analysed many debates and research in relation to the Fall of the Roman Empire. What really caused the predominate Roman Empire to fall? Did Rome fall naturally? Was disease, suchRead MoreThe Fall Of The Roman Empire1419 Words   |  6 PagesThe Roman Empire was a powerful governing body of extensive political and social structures throughout western civilization. How did this empire fall and were internal factories responsible? Slow occurrences in succession to one another led to the fall of the empire rather than one single event. The fall of the Roman Empire was a combination of both internal and external pressures, not just one, leading up to the complete decay of the cities—Rome and Constantinople. However, one could argue how oneRead MoreThe Fall Of Roman Empire1185 Words   |  5 PagesThe Fall of Roman Empire Roman Empire was considered as one of the most influential and dominant Empire in the history that has ever existed. â€Å"The Roman Empire at its zenith in the period of the Principate (roughly, 27 BC to AD 235) covered vast tracts of three continents, Europe, Africa, and Asia† (Garnsey). It was an ancient, modern Empire, and it supported anyone who made discoveries and technological improvements. The Empire was the strongest governing body in the Mediterranean. If the Roman

Essay Pro Euthanasia - 1372 Words

When someone is inevitably dying and in inexplicable pain is it really a crime to grant their wishes and end their suffering? As of right now euthanasia is illegal in many countries and is a very controversial topic. Is it compassion for the patient helping them in ending their life or murder? The doctor is not giving death as an option, it is the patients choice and even where it is legal there are many rules. Euthanasia should not be considered a crime because the patient is not being murdered; they are having their suffering end in a painless, humane way out of compassion for the patient and their family. Euthanasia is defined by the World Book Millennium 2000 encyclopaedia as, â€Å"the practise of painlessly ending the lives of people†¦show more content†¦The reason to legalize euthanasia is clear, these people need to have the choice to die with dignity. Dr. Jack Kevorkian more commonly known as Dr. Death is greatly known for his opinion that euthanasia should be legalized and his work with patients seeking help. He was very important in showing euthanasia and voicing his opinion on the subject so the public could not ignore the importance of the matter. Dr. Kevorkian was said to have been involved with 130 suicides by patients who wanted to end their own lives (Nicol and Wylie 17). He had two machines he used to help the patients, one an injection and the other a mask, however both machines were operated by the patient and although Dr. Kevorkian was taken to court many times for these he was not convicted because the patient was in control. He was very careful as to not actually commit the act himself until he was contacted by Thomas Youk, a young with Lou Gheric’s disease; Lou Gheric’s disease is when the muscle stop working and eventually the patient chokes to death. Tom’s condition prevented him from actuall y operating the machines and therefore Dr. Kevorkian decided that he would operate the machine himself because he cared greatly about all his patients and could not let Tom live in his constant fear (Nicol and Wylie 11). Dr. Kevorkian taped Tom’s wishes and then himself hooking up the machine and pushing the button to inject the drugs. He then proceed toShow MoreRelatedEuthanasia: The Pros and Cons1281 Words   |  6 Pages Euthanasia: The pros Anatomy Durkos Sarah Carter Jan 6, 2013 Over the years there has been a debate on whether euthanasia is a â€Å"humane† form of death. Some believe it isnt humane and others believe euthanasia is personal choice. Euthanasia is legal Australia and in four states in the united states. The legality of euthanasia is based on ethics primarily. I am pro euthanasia for many reasons; Euthanasia is cheaper, it ends the suffering of patients, and self determinism. Read MoreEssay Pro Euthanasia711 Words   |  3 PagesPro Euthanasia Most people want to live their life with dignity and die with dignity. People make important choices and decisions through out their life. Some of these decisions are very difficult and even life changing. We live in a democratic society where we are free to make these decisions. Death is an unavoidable event and happens to everyone. Death can be quick or it can make our love ones suffer miserably. Some people become very ill or have devastating physical problems they must deal withRead MoreEuthanasia Essay - Pro Euthanasia Argumentative Essay1148 Words   |  5 PagesImani Henry Mr. Dowie Honors English 9 1/13/17 Pro Euthanasia Argumentative Essay Euthanasia is the act of intentionally killing someone to end suffering, with and without their consent. This practice has been around since the beginning of time and has been practiced by different cultures all over the world. In the United States currently, only 5 states allow the option of euthanasia. All states throughout the USA should allow the act of euthanasia. Considering it is within the 1st amendment dueRead MorePersuasive Essay Pro Euthanasia954 Words   |  4 PagesLee AP Language and composition Persuasive essay 6 October 2017 Euthanasia legalization The ultimate value of life depends upon awareness and the power of contemplation rather than upon mere survival. Aristotle Being one of the most fervid and controversial topic of all, euthanasia, also known as physician-assisted suicide, has initiated a very sensitive discussion on life and death under one’s ability to choose either side. Euthanasia is defined as a â€Å"the act or practice of killing or permitting theRead MoreActive Euthanasia Pros and Cons Essay1640 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Euthanasia is a long debated topic, going back for decades in our country alone. Both sides of the topic have valid points morally and ethically. The Netherlands have had euthanasia laws in effect since 1973. America has very few states with legislation on the books: Oregon enacted in 1997, Washington 2008. Germany experimented with Active Euthanasia in the 1930’s, resulting in one of the most horrendous genocides in the past millennium. No where else do we have a cohort more at riskRead MoreEssay on The Pros and Cons of Euthanasia1086 Words   |  5 PagesEuthanasia, good or bad? In this following article I will be exploring euthanasia in more detail, the different Christian points of view, the strengths and weaknesses of the euthanasia argument and finally my point of view on euthanasia and why I believe this. First of all, what is euthanasia? It is something that not many people think about until they or a friend or family member is put in a position where they might actually have to consider it. Euthanasia, in the dictionary, simply is: theRead MoreEssay about Pro Legalization of Euthanasia1915 Words   |  8 Pageslike water, and all my bones are out of joint, my heart is like wax, it is melted within my breast, my mouth is dried up like a potsherd, and my tongue sticks to my jaws, you lay me in the dust of death (Psalm 22) Some might say euthanasia is wrong, it is murder, it is an inhumane act. But is it not inhumane to see another person’s unbearable suffering and not release them when they long to be released? Is it not cruel to watch a person in a vegetative state, with no brainwavesRead MorePro Euthanasia Argument in Mla Format Essay1792 Words   |  8 PagesArgument Essay Euthanasia Active euthanasia should be permitted as a medical treatment to allow people the right to die with dignity without pain and in peace. Euthanasia, also known as assisted suicide or mercy killing, takes on many different forms. When most Americans think of euthanasia, they think of a specific form that is referred to as â€Å"active euthanasia† which means to actively do something that will end a patient’s life with or without that individual’s consent. When euthanasia is performedRead MorePros And Cons Of Euthanasia915 Words   |  4 Pages Legalizing Euthanasia The issue of legalizing euthanasia is a highly debated, and emotional issue. There are many pros and cons to each side of this debate. One must weigh each side of the issue, and be sure they have complete, and accurate information before deciding whether euthanasia should be legalized or not. It is crucial to make sure people are using the correct definition of euthanasia, which is â€Å"the painless killing of a patient suffering from an incurable and painful disease or in anRead MorePro Euthanasia Paper2072 Words   |  9 Pagespatient; it is the patient who takes the initiative. It also does not giver permission for a person to commit suicide; actually suicide is legal in most jurisdictions currently. Families will not be allowed to take the initiative to administer euthanasia, nor will anyone other than the patient seeking it. If the patient is not in a competent, unaltered state of mind they will not be able to receive the assistance in their suicide. Also, if it were to be legalized, a misconception is that it will

Vietnam Research Paper Free Essays

Why is the Vietnam War so significant in American history? How did it really affect America? The Vietnam War was the prolonged struggle between nationalist forces trying to unify Vietnam under a communist government, and the United States attempting to prevent the spread of communism. There are many lessons learned throughout this war that America, hopefully, will never undergo again. There are a series of events that led up to this full-scale war. We will write a custom essay sample on Vietnam Research Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now First, the U. S. tried to prevent Vietnam from becoming a communist nation, so they sent the French military aid to help rule against this. Soon enough, France wanted to withdraw their troops out of Vietnam; the Geneva Conference was a meeting between many nations deciding how France could peacefully pull out troops. A bit later, there was supposed to be a General democratic election held, but America refused to agree to the election, afraid that the communists would win. In 1965, the U. S. sent ground troops to help South Vietnam, sparking tensions between the U. S. and North Vietnam. From 1965 to 1969, America was involved in a limited war in Vietnam, meaning weak efforts to attack North Vietnam. U. S. orces became easily frustrated because war in the jungle was found difficult. Vietnam would attack in ambushes, set up booby traps, and escape through underground tunnels. To prove even more difficult, Northern Vietnam troops and the Viet Cong surprised South Vietnam and U. S. troops. On January 30, 1968 they attacked hundreds of South Vietnamese cities and towns, known as the Tet Offensive. Without a doubt, it showed that the enemy was stronger and better prepared. While the public’s support for the war was way gone, there was new hope with Richard Nixon, the new president of America. Soon after taking office, Richard Nixon planned the policy Vietnamization, which was a process to remove U. S. troops from Vietnam while handing back the fighting to the South Vietnamese. While America had almost completed the withdrawal of their troops from Vietnam, the North Vietnam attacked South Vietnam and the remaining troops on March 30, 1972. This attack is known as the Easter Offensive. This rough battle resulted in about 40,000 deaths and 60,000 people wounded or missing in the People’s Army of North Vietnam (PAVN). The Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) estimated at 10,000 deaths and 33,000 troops wounded. The offensive was defeated, but the PAVN continued to occupy about 10 percent of South Vietnam after this battle. Nixon was in the process of his Vietnamization policy, when discussions had arisen about restoring peace in Vietnam. Soon began peace talks in Paris that finally succeeded in producing a cease-fire agreement. Nixon declares the news of the decisions made during the Paris peace talks. â€Å"Good evening. I have asked for this radio and television time tonight for the purpose of announcing that we today have concluded an agreement to end the war and bring peace with honor in Vietnam and in Southeast Asia. The following statement is being issued at this moment in Washington and Hanoi: At 12:30 Paris time today [Tuesday], January 23, 1973, the Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam was initialed by Dr. Henry Kissinger on behalf of the United States, and Special Adviser Le Duc Tho on behalf of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. The agreement will be formally signed by the parties participating in the Paris Conference on Vietnam on January 27, 1973, at the International Conference Center in Paris. The cease-fire will take effect at 2400 Greenwich Mean Time, January 27, 1973. The United States and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam express the hope that this agreement will insure stable peace in Vietnam and contribute to the preservation of lasting peace in Indochina and Southeast Asia†¦The important thing was not to talk about peace, but to get peace and to get the right kind of peace. This we have done† (â€Å"Peace with Honor† 1). After signing the Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam, on March 29, 1973 the last group of U. S. troops left Vietnam. The North Vietnam toppled the Southern Vietnamese government, and South Vietnam officially surrendered in 1975 to communist North Vietnam. Tolerating all the hard work and fighting was proved pointless for American and ARVN troops when Vietnam was reunited as a communist country in 1976. Often in history, major events such as wars or disasters are the key elements that seem to influence and shape our society. The major event that shaped American society during the ‘70s was the Vietnam War, having a massive social impact. The Vietnam War acted as a catalyst to the counterculture movement, and changed the art, music, and education. How to cite Vietnam Research Paper, Essay examples

Impact of Technology on Marketing Research in Today’s Business

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Technology on Marketing Research in Todays Business. Answer: Introduction Technology has gone through a huge revolution in the past century. It has changed the way of life of the world. In every aspect of life, people use technology. The business world is no exception. In all the spheres of business, technology plays a major role. One such part of the businesses is the marketing. This is a crucial function of the businesses that deal with production and distribution of goods and services (Babin and Zikmund 2015).Marketing research refers to the studies that are done to find out innovative and improved ways for marketing. Marketing research is conducted to identify and solve the problems of marketing (Brown and Churchill 2014). The report focuses on the impact of technology on the marketing research in todays business. Impact of technology on 4Ps of Marketing In the competitive market for products and services, smarter and efficient ways of marketing is very essential. The revenue and profit of the manufacturing and service industry depends heavily on proper marketing. These days, all the companies are using latest technologies for marketing. Marketing research is done through Ad tracking, Brand awareness, Advertising research, brand name testing, distribution channel testing, customer satisfaction research, STP research, demand and sales forecasting, viral marketing through social media etc. (Armstrong et al. 2015). The different sections of marketing are discussed below. Product: With the emergence of internet, the availability of goods and services has changed. People now have access to international products anytime and from anywhere through the various shopping websites, such as Amazon, ebay, etc., official websites of the retailers and smartphone apps. Hence, the retailers are also putting advertisements for their products in these sites and apps to reach out to a bigger customer base. The data from these platforms is collected and analyzed using various statistical tools. Technology has made the trend analysis easier (Papadopoulos and Heslop 2014). Price: Technology has made the comparison of prices easier. As the online retailers can now make individual profiles of the customers and track the consumption pattern, they can easily analyze the trend of demand for the particular goods or service and can set the price accordingly. Thus, demand and sales forecasting have become easier with the help of technology. The convenience of online payment through cards and netbanking has also helped in increase in the sales of the consumer products (Blzquez 2014). Place: Marketing and sales of products are not confined to specific places anymore. Internet has enabled the retailers to access a much wider customer base across the world, which was not possible earlier. The online markets have become more unbiased as there are now smaller producers along with giants. Hence, technological advancement has been beneficial for both the buyers and sellers. Marketing research has shown that with the advancement of technology, the retail industry of the world has grown multiple times in a short span of time (Zikmund et al. 2013). Promotion: This is the most important part of marketing. A company can have a hue hike in sales if the promotional strategies are proper. The impact of technology is maximum in this area. Advertising offline and online, personal selling, direct marketing, public relation, etc are promotional channels. Technology has made promotional activities in these channels much easier. The retailers use websites, digital channels such as, television, radio, emails, text messages, telecalling, popup ads in the websites, online brochures etc. for promotions. Thus, on one hand, it is an objective of the marketing research to find out further innovative technical solutions for promotion, on the other hand, technology has made the research work easier (Malhotra, Birks and Wills 2013). Role of technology In todays world, marketing research is heavily dependent on technology. From data collection to prepare a report, technology is used everywhere. The marketing research is done by collecting the data from various digital channels used by the companies. The shopping behavior of the customers generates a pattern of demand. These data was collected and analyzed using various statistical tools by data analysis firms. Apart from data collection, coding, data entry, designing of questionnaire for survey, sampling, testing, experiments, comparisons and creating reports are all done by using software (Lin and Atkin 2014). Pros and cons of technology Various tools are available in the industry that makes that data analysis easier. Technology saves time and effort; however, the latest technology incurs a heavy cost. Many small firms cannot afford to have their own marketing research technology, and hence, they delegate the task to analysis firms. Lack of skilled people is another problem that the companies face. In many cases, the firms cannot own a new technology for research, and thus, the employees do not get necessary training to gain knowledge on it (Armstrong et al. 2015). Latest technologies in marketing The latest technologies that have become more prevalent in todays business are Customer Relationship Management systems (CRMs) and Social Media Marketing. Customer Relationship Management systems (CRMs) The CRMs use the technology for organizing, synchronizing and automating business practices. This helps in identifying and targeting potential customers and generating leads for the marketing team. These technologies monitor and analyze the responses, clicks, deals, leads, sales, revenue data, and various activities, such as, video download, ad watch etc., which is helpful in marketing research. The technologies track the pattern through free downloads, web presentations, online videos and customer comments and reviews. Hence, the technology analyses not only quantitative data, but also qualitative data through the comments and reviews of the customer (Khodakarami and Chan 2014). Social media marketing Social media marketing is the method of gaining the data through website traffic tracking. This involves the peer recommendation and building brand awareness. The technology helps to create a buzz around a product. Word of mouth is more effective in this type of marketing. Through the usage of technology, the retailers can analyze the data generated from web traffic, and this helps in marketing research to find out innovative ways for effective promotions (Tuten and Solomon 2014). Conclusion It can be concluded that, technology has evolved the marketing research techniques. The methods and solutions have become more efficient and time and effort saving. Although it is cost incurring, the impact of technology is always positive on the marketing research. It has not only improved the research methods, but also introduced advanced ways for marketing. References: Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M. and Brennan, R., 2015.Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. Babin, B.J. and Zikmund, W.G., 2015.Exploring marketing research. Cengage Learning. Blzquez, M., 2014. Fashion shopping in multichannel retail: The role of technology in enhancing the customer experience.International Journal of Electronic Commerce,18(4), pp.97-116. Brown, T.J. and Churchill, G.A., 2014.Basic marketing research: Customer insights and managerial action. Cengage learning. Khodakarami, F. and Chan, Y.E., 2014. Exploring the role of customer relationship management (CRM) systems in customer knowledge creation.Information Management,51(1), pp.27-42. Lin, C.A. and Atkin, D.J. eds., 2014.Communication technology and social change: Theory and implications. Routledge. Malhotra, N.K., Birks, D.F. and Wills, P., 2013.Essentials of marketing research. Pearson. Papadopoulos, N. and Heslop, L.A., 2014.Product-country images: Impact and role in international marketing. Routledge. Tuten, T.L. and Solomon, M.R., 2014.Social media marketing. Sage. Zikmund, W.G., Babin, B.J., Carr, J.C. and Griffin, M., 2013.Business research methods. Cengage Learning.

Are Teenagers the Dumbest Generation Ever free essay sample

This notion generally tends to apply itself to every possible idea, whether tangible or abstract, and continuously evokes the question of whose moral standpoint, whether based on intellect, or on intuition, is truly correct. Similarly, it is clear that in today’s era time’s law of change has created a schism between two generations with polar personal influences, ideologies, foundations for principles, and moral standpoints so substantial that it induces controversy, and a sense of apprehension as one tries to compensate for the misdemeanors of the other. A schism of such magnitude between two generations forced to live together has inevitably brought about the butting of heads, most scandalously through the pervasive media that reaches everyone who is in direct contact with immediate society. Dr. Mark Bauerlein, author of The Dumbest Generation: How the Digital Age Stupefies Young Americans and Jeopardizes Our Future; Or, Dont Trust Anyone Under 30 and professor at Emory University, kindles the flame that is the battle between generations; however, it is vital to consider that the fire had already been there, and Bauerlein, a strict believer in one of the opposing sides, had fed the fire gasoline. We will write a custom essay sample on Are Teenagers the Dumbest Generation Ever? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Of course, with tendentious media such as this, society is forced to respond; who is in the right? Who is left to blame? Does Bauerlein perhaps make a valid point, or is he entirely mistaken in his judgement of a technology-controlled generation? Is it presumptuous to assume that this preoccupation with social medias can be construed as stupidity, or is it entirely valid in its claim that teenagers have lost the susceptibility and ravenousness for knowledge that had been present in generations that preceded them? It is a heavily biased discussion often based on generalization, where both sides need a prospect for thorough review to be able to make a point that upholds validity, not just from opinion, but from fact. Bauerlein’s book elicited an uproarious response from the public, thus we are able to observe and analyze a contentious argument for either side, both of whom present valid points. Susan Jacoby, author of The Age of American Unreason, claims, The scales of American history have shifted heavily against the intellectual life so essential to functional democracy. Like Jacoby, many intellectuals of the previous generation share the paralyzing trepidation hat perhaps this new concentration of leaders and lost the provocative taste for learning and cultural strive like that of their predecessors, labeling superficial concepts like popular culture â€Å"vacuous† and â€Å"disturbing,† as well as using them as a definitive label of the generation that takes part in such a nondescript and mercurial part of society. Now there is a point to consider. How can one definitively label such a thing as popular culture? Generally, the concept is regarded as something that, by nat ure, is vacuous. It holds no validity in society other than its possibility to provide a certain juncture of mindless recreation. One must contemplate the feasibility of such a popular culture, especially among the younger generation; popular culture often provides an escape from the hardships of life. Teenagers today are among the most stressed that they have been for years, and, as a source of relief, they turn to asinine behavioral patterns to relieve the tension; albeit, the reliever acts as more of a numbing sensation rather than reliever, but a coping method nonetheless. Popular culture is also among one of the most capricious factors in society, for what is popular today, may just be a completely irrelevant part of society the very next day. Like all adolescents, the particular concentrated group in question possess tendencies towards fallacious behavior that may give off the impression of unintelligence, or recalcitrant characteristics, but, in reality, are simply mistakes that are better understood as phases, or the conclusion of an experiment with no prior experience. Discerning that fact the topic at hand is, in fact, â€Å"popular† culture, there is an uneasy conclusion that occurs. The popularity of such media would not have risen to such a point of celebration and idolatry if it did not have a supporting base to catapult it to such extremities. The logical conclusion leads one to assume that, if the popular culture delineates a lack of ideals and does not accurately display â€Å"useful† subjects, then perhaps the audience for which it is intended possesses the same regard for inane media, and a disregard for more functional and beneficial knowledge of the society of which they are a part. The popular media of previous generations did not include vapid concepts such as â€Å"reality television† or â€Å"gameshows†, but rather the cultural media that, to this day, remains a classic reminder of â€Å"better† days. The discussion of the topic of reading for pleasure is also discussed, and, yet again, there is an uneasy conclusion that must be faced, as Cheryl Wetzstein says in her article, â€Å"As a lifelong, insatiable reader, I share Mr. Bauerlein’s alarm about the peculiar reading habits of American youth. I also share his concern that the next generation doesn’t seem to value having a ‘contemplative mind. † The continuous rise in lack of reading for pleasure is intimidating. It raises a pressing question: how can the source of entertainment for over thousands of years suddenly be regarded with such disdain and disapproval from the generation that seems to need it the most? The obvious answer is, of course, negative. The desensitization of the key factors in the strive for educational success has taken a toll on the ability of the average teenager to participate in studious and intellectual activities, among which is reading. It is an disturbing revelation to assume that the only source that this general detachment from traditional entertainment can stem is, in fact, one of the greatest achievements of our time: our technology. The constant social connection that is present has caused a tremendous shift in personal interests. As stated by a host during an interview with the audacious author of The Dumbest Generation: How the Digital Age Stupefies Young Americans and Jeopardizes Our Future; Or, Dont Trust Anyone Under 30, â€Å"Well a new book proclaims, dont trust anyone under 30. The point being (Whispering) Theyre not that bright. Shhh, dont want to hurt their self-esteem. † What was once a society based on the hunger for knowledge, and the correlation of knowledge to power, is now civilization based on narcissistic ideals; consequently, personal interests seem to conquer all. The explosion of social media has only been provoking such a lifestyle, and the inflammatory nature of the single most consuming object in a teenager’s life is only the beginning of the state that I have personally come to acknowledge as â€Å"technology-induced stupor†. The availability and widespread nature of one of the most riveting, yet poisonous concoctions of our time has taken a devastating toll on those that seem to be most intertwined in it. As technology develops into bigger (or perhaps smaller, because the handheld nature of a supercomputer), and better, the narcissistic complexes continue to increase, and, rather than taking part of the world that is around them, a world simply plagued with political, cultural and economic issues, they choose to partake in their own social network. However, perhaps this is presumptuous. It is possible to acknowledge this disinterest with archaic ideologies as a form of heavily progressive behavior, fixated on dispelling the past, and creating a more impressive future. It could simply be a form of eliminating tradition, and acting as the pioneers to bring forth an era that disregards the obsolete methods of obtaining knowledge of the past. In every era, there is a concentrated group of revolutionists that rises up against the historical convention, innovates a new form of progress, all the while stirring up controversy. Change is very seldom easily accepted. Even then, every generation would consider its heir as the â€Å"dumbest generation ever,† when, in reality, they brought about a change so beautiful, so enormous, that they changed the course of history. And perhaps that is our role, but, realistically, could this possibly be the case? Yet, one must question this idea that the inquisitiveness that was once present among the predecessors of this generation, does not seem to be available any longer. Keen minds are subject to the natural erosion and exacerbation of their memories and abilities to think comprehensively and logically that occurs with the exposure to today’s social medias and their detrimental effects. The Ottawa Citizen, in his article â€Å"Is This the Dumbest Generation Ever? †, presents a point that does stir the validity of a certain discretion, â€Å" its hard to keep up any of those interests if youre a young person in this digital age, Mr. Bauerlein says. Constantly hooked up, via e-mail and social networking sites and IM connectivity, to their peers, they view life as nothing but an extended school cafeteria conversation. And in such conversation, what counts as important? Why the Roman Empire fell? The lives and political thoughts of great presidents? Flaws in the U. S. Constitution? The geography of Europe? Hardly. † The statement takes on a position of radical hubris that, in turn, demeans the generation, yet it holds truth. Teenagers truly do not seem to care about the education curriculum, and their immense apathy is displayed through morose test scores, and a complete insufficiency of curiosity. Their absorption is withheld mainly by their exploitation of current technological advances. Mark Bauerlein states in his article, (â€Å"THE KIDS ARE IDIOTS†), â€Å"It doesnt make sense, but the evidence is incontrovertible. Young people are tracking a course into ignorance and lassitude. † On the contrary, the descent into inevitable stupidity doesn’t seem to be arbitrary. Through a conclusive effort, the weakened educational system, the over lack of interest and cooperation of teenagers, and the proliferating extent of the educational curve that has been influenced by technology’s grandiose privileges has led this concentrated group off into an oblivion of educational ignorance. Outside life and personal intellectual habits are one thing, but it is vital that we also analyze the role of the educational system, and what kind of tolls it takes on the individual, or whether it takes tolls at all. E. D. Hirsch, Jr states in his article â€Å"Prelude to Excellence†, â€Å"The real problem is that these young men and women, through no fault of their own, are showing up on campuses undereducated and unprepared for college-level work. They should have received a good general education before they arrived on campus. † A generally affable statement, seeing that the role of a â€Å"good university† is to enrich and enlighten those particular students that seek to excel and fit the standard of prestige and academic prevalence that a higher education is set to provide. It is not the fault of the university that the primary and secondary education of the majority of students was not acceptable enough to be recognized as prestigious by a university. A student’s hunger for knowledge must be clear and discerned, and their academic excellence derives from their own means of education rather than dependency on a failing educational system. After all, it is not the priority or occupation of the university to ensure the excellence of other schooling for their purpose is higher education for those who deserve it. Hirsch continues to defend his position, â€Å"To be full participants in our cultural life and democratic institutions, every citizen needs a sound and broad education. But we are pushing this problem in exactly the wrong direction. It is not the job of our colleges and universities to make up for the shoddy education offered by K-12 schools. It is the job of those schools to ensure they produce future undergraduates who are fully prepared to do college-level work. † But why not? It is unfair to directly surmise that just because the student has not been learning under a proper didactic method through their previous schooling that they completely lack the capacity to learn at all. Just like it is not up to the universities to ensure the quality of education of preliminary schooling, it is by no means the responsibility of the student either. How could it be possible to receive a quality education that is fit for the standards of a prestigious university when it is simply not available to the students? Such a qualification in the educational system presents a gap, and a looming, overbearing question: Who is at fault? We must, of course, recognize that either side is flawed. They are both institutions that are originated on a flawed foundation, and cannot attest to the fallacies of their creators. Parent, former student, and a member of the previous â€Å"baby boomer† generation, Yan Smuglin, claims, â€Å"Students are simply lacking the physical means that are needed to properly display their talents. Each of these teenagers are individuals, and, despite their total consummation with frivolous objects such as computers, cellphones, televisions, and gaming systems, they are very capable, seeing that the human psyche is flexible, and always sharp. Perhaps this one generation might have caused a dulling of this sharpness, but it cannot simply disappear after millennia of knowledgeable humanity. But I do have faith that these youngsters could grow up, and revolutionize our ideals. † There is also the pressing matter as to what labels this generation as unintelligent. The mechanical assumption is to attribute such a statistic or belief to the results of standardized tests; however, how can this be an accurate representation of the individual’s idiosyncratic intelligence? Cheryl Wetzstein states, â€Å"Members of Generation Y — those born from 1982 to 2000 — have mediocre scores in U. S. and international academic surveys, he told the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research (AEI) event. † What most people tend to forget is that the core basis of this entire generation is the range of diversity that it withholds. We are all individuals with personal attributes that range from artistic, to technological, to educational, to perhaps even a aptitude in rhetoric with a knack for charisma. The standardized testing takes us, as a generation, by the very depths of our inner workings, and simply wrenches our ideals into insignificant notions that are deemed irrelevant by society. The SAT, for example, although it facilitates the success for a select group of students, erases the face of the individual that is taking it. Supposedly this presents an equal opportunity for each person to display the very best of their abilities, but how is it possible to display the best of someone’s abilities if they do not fall under the category of a math/verbal test? Perhaps the dismal scores of standardized testing is not necessarily attributed to a lack of intelligence, but rather a lack of confidence, and the vacancy that incites itself when a person’s individuality is tampered with and disheartened. Also, it is plausible to consider that the inner workings of the minds of students are simply straying elsewhere rather than focusing on a conventional, watered-down curriculum that does not provide the bona fide educational stimulation that the student seeks to attain, thus leading to the massive â€Å"slacking-off. † Despite the exceptionally obvious narcissism that has surfaced in the youth of today’s society, there is cogency in the idea that topics have been â€Å"dumbed down†. Our visual source shows an elderly man examining how to dumb down the education. But one has to question, is it truly because the students do not contain the capacity to truly understand the curriculum or because universities and high schools deem students incapable, and underestimate the work ethic and perseverance of their students? There is an opposing altercation, of course. Standardized testing is just that: standardized. It quite literally levels the entire playing field so that each student has the equal opportunity to shine. Standardized testing remains the same year after year, becoming easier with each try if anything. It allows the student to understand that if the material is the same every year then they have the heads-up, the â€Å"head start. † The test do not change, yet the results are progressively worse year after year. It is a pressing matter that can only lead to the conclusion that it is in fact the faults of the students, especially when the internet provides â€Å"wealth of information,† as Bauerlein had referred to it in â€Å"Is This the Dumbest Generation EVER? † (The Ottawa Citizen), that can prepare them almost as proficiently as their teachers. But, of course, these spurting lushes of knowledge are ignored and forgotten about, as the desensitized teenager has a devotion to the social networking site that he or she spends a plethora of time on, time that could be used to further educate oneself about the issues of the world, or the political matters that affect each and every single person that is living around them. The bias on such an argument tends to be tremendously heavy, seeing that the discussion involves two equally vicious generations of society that uphold their personal values, as all humans do. The conclusion to such a contentious issue would be a rather fascinating climax, but it is very clear that such an event will most likely not occur. The reconciliation between generations seldom materializes at the times when the questions are most pressing, and then the younger, bitter generation continues the roundabout chain of supposedly warranted name-calling. Questions will be long unanswered: statistics will only deface the individuality of humanity, while going on intuition cannot prove anything and leave a world of decisions and justifications defined by opinion and generalization. Thus, as humans, our natural inclination towards the advocation of our unique opinions has a propensity to overcome the notions of reconciliation, whether it is a concept about who is the â€Å"better† generation, or perhaps how the education system is affecting us as a whole, but it is only our individuality that leads us attribute to our own cause. We are left to consider if this is, in fact, a concrete, factual inevitability of the nature of humans, or if it is something that can, in due course, be surpassed, and, in the true essence of humanity, challenge tradition for all it is worth.

CONT Example

CONT Example CONT' – Coursework Example The crime control model and the due process model both have their pros and cons in their implementation to establish a just and upright system to control crimes and at the same time to allow freedom to the citizens. The crime control model revolves around devising measures to control crimes. It is a thorough system which struggles to catch a convict and allows a suitable punishment to an offender. However, on the other hand, the system does not cater to meet the rights of an individual but it works thoroughly to control criminal activities with a suitable punishment to an offender. The due process system grants maximum rights and freedom to the citizens. The due process system helps an offender to be tagged as innocent before the guilt is proven and provides him maximum liberty before the prosecution proves his guilt. I personally believe that crime control model would be more effective and efficient in its implementation to control and monitor criminal activities as well as to give the offender the kind of punishment he deserves for his actions. On the other hand, due process system is least efficient in its implementation as it allows the offender to gain maximum benefit from the system unless he is proven guilty. It gives an opportunity to the offenders to commit a crime for once again without being caught or being punished for his previous actions and hence, it endangers the lives of many innocents around him. Crime control model ensures that the offender is getting what he deserves. Implementation of such a system would be an eye opener for many criminals on the streets to learn a lesson from just one example.

Answer the questions for each of the articles Quant and Quali Research Paper

Answer the questions for each of the articles Quant and Quali - Research Paper Example 53). The design is generally categorized under the major class of quantitative approaches to research. The major category of the design was experimental design. The random assignment of sampled subjects into a treatment and control group are identifiers characteristic of an experimental design (Sears et al., 2010, p. 53). An independent variable is a variable that the researcher has control over. In this case, the independent variable in the research was the mode of training adopted for nursing education. The manipulation of this variable was attained by assigning differing models of nursing education delivery, which included clinical simulation-based education and actual clinical placement. The dependent variable is the measured element of interest, which is affected in the research, and in this research the dependent variable was the medication errors (Sears et al., 2010, p. 52). Survey forms were used as the data collection instruments and these were filled by the instructors and students (Sears et al., 2010, p. 53). Observed medication errors were entered into forms that only bore the instructor’s name in order to preserve the confidentiality of the participating students. The external validity of the research was low because the research cannot be widely generalized. In spite of randomly selecting the participants, generalization cannot be possible for other populations and locations because all participants were from a single collaborative nursing program. This limitation reduces the external validity, but it can be overcome if the research could be replicated for different populations and locations across different times (Sears et al., 2010, p. 54). The second research titled â€Å"Whatever it takes": nursing students experiences of administering medication in the clinical setting† was authored by Happell, B. Walker, S. Moxham, L. and Reid-Searl, K. The research appeared in the seventh issue of the 20th volume of the

How Bingeing Became the New College Sport Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

How Bingeing Became the New College Sport - Essay Example The present research has identified that according to the U.S laws, persons who completed 18 years of age are matured enough to vote whereas only after the completion of 21 years of age, they are matured enough to drink. Even though the above law helped saving the lives of many youths from alcohol-related driving accidents and alcohol poisoning, it resulted in the creation of an unintended culture around forbidden alcoholism among the youths. College life is perceived also as an opportunity for drinking by the youths. â€Å"Drinking has been an aspect of college life since the first Western universities in the 14th century† (Seaman). In the 90’s the beer culture on college campuses was shifted to hard liquor culture. It is better to lower the drinking age to 18 even if some problems may occur initially. The initial thirst for drinking may settle after some time and the students will definitely concentrate more on studies thereafter, as witnessed in the Montreal's McGill University. Montreal's McGill University, which enrolls about 2,000 American undergraduates a year, reported that many students, when they first arrive, go overboard, exploiting their ability to drink legally. â€Å"But by midterms, when McGills demanding academic standards must be met, the vast majority has put drinking into its practical place among their priorities†. In short, drink age should be lowered to 18 from 21. In my opinion, lowering of drink age from 21 to 18 is not a wise step. It is a fact that the voting rights were allotted to those who completed 18 years of age. At the same time, we must visualize the voting right and drink age as two separate issues. Drinking will destroy the ability of a person to think rationally. Giving voting rights at 18 years of age is a strategy for developing political awareness and interest among students.

International Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 2

International Marketing - Essay Example The report will discuss in detail the profile and the external environment factors pertinent to a geographic market in the operation of an overseas fast food chain. Jollibee Foods Corporation will be the subject of this marketing study. This would include a tabular comparison of relevant market facts and an analysis of the 4 Ps of the subject company which will serve as basis for the formulation and recommendation of strategies. The report will focus only on the three markets required which include Japan, Germany and China. Priority is given on demographics, general outlook and culture and will only briefly mention the procurement, distribution data as well as cost figures. The global fast food market is growing at an accelerated pace as developing countries now earnestly face globalization by opening its borders to foreign trade, welcoming foreign investments and expanding their markets in overseas locations. While global interconnection encourages free trade, increased investments, and reciprocal employment opportunities, it also puts pressure on the local human resource as job requirements become more intricate and time consuming. As the standard of living in urbanized cities soar, people would need to generate increased income levels to support personal expenditures. This promotes the crossover from traditional cultural patterns in terms of income households and consumptions. As the trend for single-person households and working mothers escalates, the tradition of house-cooked meals and leisure eating becomes more and more difficult due to time constraints. These developments put to the fore the need for fast and convenient food items that only a f ast food outlet can provide. Food Info Net defines fast food as â€Å"the sale of food and drinks for immediate consumption, either on the premises or in designated eating areas shared with other foodservice operators, or for consumption elsewhere† (Food Info Net, December 2006). For the chosen product

Transmission Of A Tv Signal English Language Essay

Transmission Of A Tv Signal English Language Essay In electronics, many different types of carrier signals exists and due to the fact that this signals simply carry data intended for a different audience, which most of the times, are farther than the area of production of such signals. This gave rise to various modulation techniques to ensure effective transfer of these signals bearing information without loss of quality or degradation. This paper deals on how to modulate a Television (TV) signal using 16-QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) Keywords include: 16-QAM, TV Signals, Amplitude Modulation, Data, and Attenuation, baseband. 1.0 Introduction Everyday different types of signals transverse the air around us, most of which we cant feel or see, but we see their impact or influence everyday through different electronic gadgets we have or own personally. Most of these electronic gadgets are able to work as a result of them being able to receive a signal and they able to correctly interpret that signal and we in turn appreciate the devices. For the devices to correctly interpret these signals a kind of technique was used and this is known as Demodulation, this being that the devices are designed to receive this type of signals. The processes that led to being able to demodulate is what my focus is on; the process is known as modulation. Why modulation? This is due to the fact that not all intended users of a particular device or service reside close to the production station and also production signals called baseband signals cant travel much and would need a lot of power to transmit them over the air medium and this adds to the operating cost of the station and this is not acceptable. 2.0 Transmission medium for TV signal As with any kind of signal, the most important of that signal is to be received and decoded correctly, so that information encoded can be seen or viewed. The medium of passage of such signals is of consequence, because these helps to know the appropriate modulation to use and what, this information is tied to the channel coding, the advantages of the channel and the noise rate of that channel in consideration. For example, the transmission medium for sound received by the ears is usually air, sound can also travel through solids, liquids and plasma Electromagnetic waves have no need of any material substance for it to propagate but can be affected by the transmission media they pass through at the boundary between the media by absorption, reflection or refraction. Therefore, TV signals are like communicating data sent from one location to another which requires a pathway or medium. These pathways, called communication channels; two types of preferred media are: (a) Cable (twisted-pair wire, cable, and fibre-optic cable) and (b) broadcast (microwave, satellite, radio, and infrared). {Note:- Cable media use physical wires of cables to transmit data and information, while Twisted-pair wire and coaxial cables are made of copper, and fibre-optic cable is made of glass.} 2.1 BASEBAND SIGNAL The definition of a baseband signal is a signal that contains information, which may vary from audio signals, video signals, speech signal, image signal and many different other types depending on application and use. These signals cant move more than a few metres after production; for example, a speech signal; two persons can hear themselves clearly in close proximity to each other, as the distance between them increase, they start hearing faint messages or signals from each other and at a point, they cant hear each other again. Therefore for them to be heard no matter the distance between them there is need to modulate the speech signal generated by each person, so that each person can hear what the other person has said or is saying. A signal can be said to be an analogue data stream with which it varies with respect to space and time; with this property, each signal can be sampled, quantized, and transformed into digital data streams or packets. These processes it goes from being analogue to digital data streams or packet is called modulation. There are different modulation techniques used to carry different signals depending on the transmission medium and the condition inherent in that medium. 2.2 Modulation What is modulation? According to Margaret Rouse, modulation is the combination of signal to an electronic signal carrier, modulation is useful in direct current by turning it on and off to alternating current. Literally, modulation can be said to be a way of quicken the transfer of data or information through a medium. Transmission of sound through air has restricted degree of power generated by the lungs, to give the extent at which the voice can reach there is need to transmit it through a medium such as phone line, radio etc. therefore, the successful conversion of information in this case voice, to pass through a medium such as wire or radio waves is known as Modulation (www.complextoreal.com ). 2.3 TYPES OF MODULATION Modulation helps in many ways and it can be referred to as the process of transposing a signal wave onto a carrier wave in order to carry information. There are 3 three key properties of this carrier wave, which is a sinusoid wave with an amplitude, a phase and a frequency, these properties can be exploited to generate another kind of waveform to carry the intended information which is known referred to as a modulated signal. (www.encyclopediapro.com/mw/modulation) In most part of the world, frequency spectrum is expensive to waste and often its a national property, which means, to use it, the intending user has to be licensed and must follow a protocol process to have that frequency band assigned to him solely and given the channels parameters he can use. This is because, there are many different users competing for the same frequency band, due to the fact that the lower the frequency given, the lower the operating cost of using that frequency band. There are 2 broad class of modulation; they are the analogue modulation and the digital modulation. In analogue modulation, there is a continuous change in response to the signal to be modulated; this can be seen in Phase Modulation, Frequency Modulation, Amplitude Modulation, Single-Sideband Modulation, and Vestigial-sideband Modulation. In digital Modulation, there are changes in the signal position with respect to a starting position, while each position corresponds to a piece of information or symbol and can be represented on a constellation diagram. Examples include: Phase-Shift Key (PSK), Frequency-shift Key (FSK), Amplitude-shift Key (ASK), Minimum-shift Key (MSK), Gaussian minimum-shift Key (GMSK), Very minimum-shift Key (VMSK), Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), this a combination of PSK and ASK. Continuous phase modulation  (CPM) and Trellis coded modulation  (TCM). (www.encyclopediapro.com/mw/modulation) For each of these types of modulation techniques, their phases, frequencies and amplitude are assigned a unique sequence of bits which corresponds to an equal number of bits and make up a symbol that represent that particular phase or code. 3.0 QAM The modulation of interest for the purpose of his paper is the QAM, or Quadrature Amplitude Modulation, from research; it was noticed that QAM has both an analogue and digital modulation properties depending on how its to be applied. QAM is made up of two modulation scheme, namely the Amplitude-shift Keying which is achieved by modulating or changing the state of the amplitude of two carrier waves to carry two analogue message signal or two digital data streams. The other is the Phase-shift Keying, in which the sinusoidal waves are usually out of phase to each other and apart by 90o. When these two waveforms are combined, it results to Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (two different amplitudes two out of phase signals). QAM, this modulation technique is used to encode and transmit digital cable channels, while the simplest of the QAM techniques is the 16-QAM i.e. 24 phase points, this is able to carry 6MHz bandwidth regulated by the authoritys policy. The type of signal interested in is the signal generated from a video source, this type of signal consumes more than the set frequency of 6MHz, a typical video source signal is huge, so using 16- QAM techniques, it is possible to encode the signal onto the QAM carrier wave to carry it and pass through the 6MHz bandwidth limit and still be able to carry additional signals such as the voice signal component of the video signal. However there are different video formats such as the NTSC, PAL, MPEG; this video formats also help in reducing the size of video signal, hereby assisting the 16-QAM to effectively encode the signal without loss of quality and making it noise proof. Other variants of QAM includes 64, 256 phase variants, but as this phases size inc rease, so do they incorporate noise and mismatching often affect the performance of the receiver to be correctly tuned in to receive the sequence of bits sent over the medium. One of the uses of QAM is in the modulation of digital television systems, due to its high spectral efficiencies and the requirement of a cleaner path, and such hybrid fibre coaxial cables are used to deliver digital television signals to homes. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAM_tuner, 2012) In the United Kingdom, 2 variants of the QAM are being used, this are the 16 and 64 variants and they are used for digital terrestrial TV like Freeview by British Telecoms Top-Up TV, while for the 256-QAM, is being considered for the HD version of freeview which is delivered over high speed fibre optics links to homes across the country. Therefore, the makeup of QAM is shown via the figure below and the different modulation techniques it uses to modulate and encode its own signal and how it lead to the development of QAM. 3.0.1 Amplitude Shift Keying (Ask) According to N.Vlajic (2010), Ask is the modulation of digital data with changes in the amplitude of a carrier while both frequencies an d phase remain constant; carrier signal is varied by representing the binary with 0 and 1. Also in ASK, the mode of operation is to vary the amplitude of the carrier wave to carry a baseband signal, while the frequency and phase remain constant. Ask has two levels called binary bits of implementing its modulation process and it is often referred to as Binary Amplitude shift keying or on-off keying (B-ASK or OOK). Each binary bit corresponds to a symbol that represents an amplitude level. According to (Glover and Grant, 2004, chapter 11, page 391), they said that in B-ASK, the two digital levels can be one and zero, to represent the pulse of a sinusoidal carrier wave, although any one of the changing amplitude can be inferred to be one and the other zero and from this result, it describes why it also referred to as on-off keying sequence. This method of digital sequence of one and zero can be referred to a switch and was used to transmit Morse codes (Wikipedia) in the early 20th century. In recent times, additional amplitude levels has been developed for enhanced encoding schemes such as a 4 four level encoding scheme to take on two bits or 22with corresponding shift in amplitude, also there is an eight level scheme to represent 3 three bits or 23, and so on. This gives a reduced power required to transmit and hence advantageous to use. (Wikipedia-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude-shift_keying) A binary amplitude-shift keying (BASK) signal can be defined by S (t) = A m (t) cos 2pfct. For: (0 Implementation of ASK is relatively cheap and simple but its amplitude is usually affected by noise, distortion s and the propagation conditions on different route which makes the process more difficult. In ASK digital data is transmitted over an optical fiber. Figure 1. ASK signal representation. 3.0.2 Phase shift keying (PSK) Phase-shift keying (PSK) refers to a modulation scheme that is used to carry information by changing, or modulating, the phase of the carrier wave. PSK can still be defined as the modulation of digital data with amplitude at peak, frequency remain constant and phase with carrier signal varied to depict binary 0 or 1, with binary 0 = 180 degree phase and binary 1 = 0 degree.PSK is not sensitive to error and productively make use of bandwidth, so high data rate is possible but has more complex signal detection (N. Vlajic, 2010). This modulation scheme like the Amplitude shift Keying (or ASK) also uses a finite number of distinct signals to represent digital data. Each of the finite phases, is assigned a unique pattern of binary digits that forms a symbol. Phase shift keying comes in two forms, which are binary PSK (this uses two phases which are 180o apart) and Quadrature PSK (this uses four phases and the phases are 45o, -45o 135o and -135o). (Forouzan, 2013 pg 144) 3.0.2.1 Binary PSK In Binary PSK, it has only two signal element said suggested by Forouzan, 2013, pg 142; with each phase set at 0o and the other at 180o. The general form for BPSK follows this equation Sn (t). (wikipedia- H. Stern S. Mahmoud, Communications Systems, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2004, p283) s_n(t) = sqrt{frac{2E_b}{T_b}} cos(2 pi f_c t + pi(1-n )), n = 0,1. This yields two phases, 0 and à Ã¢â€š ¬. In the specific form, binary data is often conveyed with the following signals: s_0(t) = sqrt{frac{2E_b}{T_b}} cos(2 pi f_c t + pi ) = sqrt{frac{2E_b}{T_b}} cos(2 pi f_c t)For binary 0 s_1(t) = sqrt{frac{2E_b}{T_b}} cos(2 pi f_c t) For binary 1 [where fc is frequency of the carrier-wave.] Also, the BER of a two signal BPSK in AWGN can be calculated as follows P_b = Qleft(sqrt{frac{2E_b}{N_0}}right) P_b = frac{1}{2} operatorname{erfc} left( sqrt{frac{E_b}{N_0}}right) 3.0.2.2 Quadrature PSK This sub part of psk is such that it uses two separate BPSK modulations to generate a QPSK modulation scheme; this is able to work due to each BPSK band as an in-phase carrier and the other out of phase carrier. The phases are different and the first point is located at 45o, then 135o, then -135o and lastly -45o, the amplitude stays constant at 2 ½. The bit stream is then split into two bit streams I (in-phase) and Q (Quadrature) .The bit stream in-phase (I) is called the even stream and quadrature(Q) is called Odd stream. (http://turboblogsite.com/quadrature-phase-shift-keying-qpsk-modulation.html) QPSK is used mostly to transfer digital data by varying the phases of the carrier signal, the 4 phase points tally with 4 points on a circle and can be so represented. The figure below shows the mapping of the 4 phase points. QPSK diagram showing how four different binary codes can be transmitted Fig: QPSK diagram showing how four different binary codes can be transmitted The list below gives some of the other commonly used forms of phase shift keying, PSK, they are O-QPSK Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying, 8 PSK 8 Point Phase Shift Keying, 16 PSK 16 Point Phase Shift Keying, QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation, 16 QAM 16 Point Quadrature Amplitude Modulation and 64 QAM 64 Point Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/rf-technology-design/pm-phase-modulation/what-is-psk-phase-shift-keying-tutorial.php) Figure 2. PSK signal diagram representation 3.1 QAM bits per symbol The advantage of using QAM is that it is a higher order form of modulation and as a result it is able to carry more bits of information per symbol. By selecting a higher order format of QAM, the data rate of a link can be increased. (http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/rf-technology-design/pm-phase-modulation/8qam-16qam-32qam-64qam-128qam-256qam.php) The table below gives a summary of the bit rates of different forms of QAM and PSK. Modulation Bits per symbol Symbol Rate BPSK 1 1 x bit rate QPSK 2 1/2 bit rate 8PSK 3 1/3 bit rate 16QAM 4 1/4 bit rate 32QAM 5 1/5 bit rate 64QAM 6 1/6 bit rate 3.1.1 Quantized QAM using constellation diagram In QAM, the constellation diagram plots are usually arranged in square formation with different spacing and this spacing point represent binary bits per symbol, this spacing point is in the power of 2s. The more the bits per symbol, the more it is to transfer more information over a given channel or medium. But as the bits increase, the points move closer and make the system susceptible to noise corruption, and this gives rise to a high BER ratio, making useless the information sent due to its high noise component. There are different bit positions for the constellation diagram, this diagrams show the different position of each symbol and the states of QAM, and the constellation diagrams for BSPK, 16 QAM. 32 QAM, 64 QAM. Therefore, the figures below show various constellation diagrams: http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/rf-technology-design/pm-phase-modulation/modulation-constellation-bpsk.gif http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/rf-technology-design/pm-phase-modulation/modulation-constellation-16qam.gif http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/rf-technology-design/pm-phase-modulation/modulation-constellation-32qam.gif http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/rf-technology-design/pm-phase-modulation/modulation-constellation-64qam.gif 3.1.2 QAM applications QAM is in many radio communications and data delivery applications. However some specific variants of QAM are used in some specific applications and standards. For domestic broadcast applications for example, 64 QAM and 256 QAM are often used in digital cable television and cable modem applications. In the UK, 16 QAM and 64 QAM are currently used for digital terrestrial television using DVB Digital Video Broadcasting. In the US, 64 QAM and 256 QAM are the mandated modulation schemes for digital cable as standardised by the SCTE in the standard ANSI/SCTE 07 2000. In addition to this, variants of QAM are also used for many wireless and cellular technology applications. 4.0 Conclusion In this review, it is clearly shown that Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) and Phase Shift Keying (PSK) modulation techniques that form Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) ensures effective transfer of TV signals In QAM different combination of amplitude and phase are used to achieve higher digital data rate, the number of bit transmitted per time T (sec) interval can be further increased by increasing the number of levels used References Behrouz A. Forouzan , Data communications and Networking H. Stern S. Mahmoud, Communications Systems, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2004, p283) http://engineering.mq.edu.au/~cl/files_pdf/elec321/lect_mask.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude-shift_keying (Accessed 06 December 2012) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAM_tuner, 2012 (Accessed: 28 November 2012) http://turboblogsite.com/quadrature-phase-shift-keying-qpsk-modulation.html http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/rf-technology-design/pm-phase-modulation/8qam-16qam-32qam-64qam-128qam-256qam.php (Accessed 06 December 2012) http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/rf-technology-design/pm-phase-modulation/what-is-psk-phase-shift-keying-tutorial.php (Accessed 06 December 2012) Ian A. Glover and Peter M. Grant, Digital communications, second edition Intuitive Guide to Principle of Communication, www.complextoreal.com Margaret Rouse, July 2005 Merriam Webster N.Vlajic, Instructor, CSC 3213, fall 2010. Analog transmission of digital data (ASK, FSK, PSK, QAM) Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia (Accessed: 28 December 2012) www.encyclopediapro.com/mw/modulation (Accessed: 28 November 2012)

The River Runs Through It :: essays research papers

The 'Water is Wide'; takes place on the coast of South Carolina and Yamacraw Island during the nineteen sixties. A man by the name of Pat Conroy offers to teach over on the island, many people on the island have no education and are illiterate. When Conroy gets over to the island he finds himself very disgraceful. The teachers at the school believe that the children cannot be taught. His method of teaching is very different from others. One of Conroy's goals was to teach the children about America. So he showed them movies and let them listen to American musicians. After doing this about every day, it made an influence in the children's lives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Big C and Lincoln were the class clowns. They hated the principle because every time they did something bad she would beat them. During most of his time on the island, Conroy stayed with the Skimberry's. The Skimberry's were a nice couple named Zeke and Ida.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Halloween came around Conroy decided he wanted to take the children over to Bluffton, South Carolina, or Halloween so they could 'trick or treat.'; None of the kids even knew what 'trick or treating'; was. After making field trip forms and sending them home with all the children. The children came back with one of them signed. So Conroy went door to door asking begging each of the parents to let their children go.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout the story Pat Conroy took the children many places. Unfortunately Mrs. Brown and Ted Stone accused him of doing many wrong things. He was not able to return the next year.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Even if Conroy did not teach the children anything, he still felt they would be able to survive in the outside world. I like this book. It made me very thankful that I have a good education. I also like the way Pat Conroy writes. In the future, I hope to read some of his other books. My favorite part of the book was when they would listen to the music of different artists, I also liked when they would play outside and he would tell about how they played so roughly.

Bed & Breakfast Pet Hotel

When people go on vacation or on a business trip, sometimes it is impractical to bring the family pet. Not long ago many would just ask a neighbor to keep an eye on the pet while the family was gone. Others would leave the pet with enough food and water to survive during the trip, although this was impractical for long trips.These options each come with advantages and disadvantages, but they fail to ensure that the family pet is not just watched, but pampered. This concept of pampering the family has sprouted a whole new industry of pet facilities.With more people seeing the pet as of a family member, the care of the pet is becoming more important. In 2006 families spent approximately $38 billion on their pets and around 63% of household own at least one pet (Koncius, 2006).This has brought about a rise in pet hotels / pet bed and breakfasts. PetsHotel, a division of PetSmart, is a leader in this rising industry. PetSmart purchased a pet hotel in 2000 in the Tucson, AZ area and has e xpanded it to over 50 stores since then. PetSmart’s goal is to eventually have over 400 PetsHotel facilities nationwide and in Canada.However, PetSmart is not the only company getting into this rapidly expanding industry. This report is evaluating PetsHotel and its place in the industry. Specifically this report will demonstrate its position in the market through a Strength, Weakness, Opportunities, and Threats analysis, or SWOT analysis.This analysis will provide a clearer picture of what PetsHotel is facing in regards to the competition, trends, and future expansion. It will demonstrate where PetsHotel has a significant advantage over its competitors and where it has shortfalls. StrengthsThe most notable strength PetsHotel is the strong brand name and familiarity of its parent company, PetSmart. According to PetSmart’s website, the company has almost one thousand stores in the United States and Canada (PetSmart, 2007).PetSmart entered the pet hotel industry in 2000 w hen it recognized â€Å"its huge potential and it fits perfectly into [its] strategy of providing the lifetime needs of pets and their parents† (PetSmart, 2008). Customer loyalty and name recognition provides assurance for those customers who may not want to take a risk with a local, known pet facility.With how important pets have become to the owner, many owners will not want to take the risk of a bad facility. Jim Krack, founder of American Boarding Kennels Association, or ABKA, stated that â€Å"Pet owners expect the same type of amenities from their pet care providers as they receive from their child day care providers† (Shim, 2007).It is assumed that most people would not just place their children in any childcare facility without first ensuring a certain level or standards and safety. The name brand of PetSmart gives PetsHotel that instant recognition. In the fiscal year 2007, PetSmart posted $4.2 billion in sales and has $209 million in cash (Yahoo! Finance, 200 8). This cash cow can aid in the design and construction of new facilities. This will allow PetsHotel to quickly expand into competitive areas and into new, untapped market areas. Other competitors will not have the cash available without going into substantial debt to expand as quickly as PetsHotel can.Economies of scale also provide PetsHotel with a significant strength. Since smaller pet facilities will be unable to purchase items in the bulk level that PetsHotel can, the per item cost will be much greater than PetsHotel.Overhead and other expenses can be spread out amongst the over 50 PetsHotels already built. In comparison, Wags Hotel only has three stores to spread its costs around. Weaknesses Although the size PetsHotel is an advantage, it also lends itself to outside threats.The perception by some is larger companies many not provide as intimate and caring service for the pets. Consequently, many will prefer smaller, local services over the big corporate service of PetsHotel . Others will not want to go to the corporate establishment in favor of the local â€Å"ma and pa† pet facilities.The reasons for this could be the perception of intimate pet care with the smaller facility or it could just be hatred toward corporate America. Another weakness is a lack of accreditation. The American Boarding Kennels Associate, or ABKA, is a non-profit organization that seeks to assure high standards in pet care.ABKA provides pet owners with a set standard of quality of different hotels and kennels through a Pet Owner’s Bill or Rights and certifying different pet hotels. Out of 93 accredited pet facilities, none of them are PetsHotel brand pet facilities.To obtain certification the facilities must be â€Å"in compliance with the standards of the ABKA Voluntary Facilities Accreditation Program and have successfully completed an on-site evaluation by ABKA† (ABKA, 2008). A lack of certification from a reputable firm such as ABKA is a strong weakness for PetsHotel.ABKA’s website does list PetsHotel as a facility that can house a pet, but it also lists their lack of accreditation. This could sway a potential pet owner customer away from PetsHotel in favor of a pet facility that is accredited. OpportunitiesThe nearly 1000 PetSmart locations provide ample opportunity for quick expansion of the PetsHotels. By utilizing the PetSmart facilities, PetsHotels can quickly set up operations and provide services already at the PetSmart stores such as grooming, training, and Bansfield pet hospital. Some of these features have already been added to PetsHotel’s Add-On features.These features include nail clipping, bath time, and access to a Banfield clinic in an emergency (PetsHotel, 2008). By utilizing PetSmart’s other services, PetsHotel could offer other services such as pet training and grooming beyond a simple bath.In 2006, PetsHotel announced that it wanted to reach a total of 435 hotels throughout the United States and Canada (PetSmart, 2008). This is an achievable goal in part because of the huge cash flow PetSmart can generate through its other business segments and because of the already established name brand in those areas. Companies such as Wags Hotels only recently added two more hotels.Those two new hotels are still within the general geographic area of central California (WagsHotel, 2008). However, PetsHotel is already in 26 states and plans three more openings in the next few months (PetsHotel, 2008).Threats PetsHotel’s website lists its hours of operations 7:00 AM to 9:00 PM Monday thru Saturday and 8:00 AM to 6:00 PM on Sundays. PetsHotel has a check-in and check-out time of 12:00 PM (PetsHotel, 2008). The problem that PetsHotel can run into is a 24-hour service such as Wags Hotel. By offering 24-availability, Wags Hotel allows travelers who arrive late at night to pick up their pet once they arrive. PetsHotel’s model would force the traveler to pick up their pet the next day and charge them for that extra night.Smaller pet facility companies are seeing the need for emergency veterinarian services. PetsHotel uses Banfield which is partnered with PetSmart. These smaller companies are starting to team up with the local veterinarians to provide the same quality service.Although the overhead for this service is spread out amongst the larger PetSmart Corporation, PetsHotel will further have to demonstrate that its corporate services are as good, caring and intimate as the local facilities and veterinarians. An example of this is Wagg Inn Pet Hotel with the Animal Hospital of Ashwaubenon, WI.At home pet nannies are another source of threat to PetsHotel’s business. People have been turning to high-class pet hotels because of how much they care about their pets. However, many feel reservations about leaving their pet in a facility at all.The alternative is to leave the pet at home and hire a pet nanny. One concern is whether the other â€Å"gues ts† at the pet hotel are current on their vaccinations. If the pet is left at home, there is no concern at all. Also, the pet will be comfortable in its normal routine and happy places.This alleviates any concerns of trying to settle the pet back into normal routines, especially where to go to the bathroom. Conclusions and Recommendations PetsHotel is in a very good strategic position compared to its competition.Availability of cash in conjunction with the strong brand recognition of PetSmart means it can place a facility anywhere in the United States and Canada and have instant credibility as a company that will provide quality pet care. PetsHotel should continue to innovate in pet quality and care through better designs of its facilities and services.It needs to continue to emphasize its high pet care and quality of service of both PetsHotel and PetSmart. Because PetsHotel is a division of PetSmart, and damage to the brand reputation of PetSmart will instantly translate into damage to the PetsHotel reputation. If the quality of service at the PetSmart stores declines, the perception will be that quality has also decreased in its pet hotels.Where PetsHotel needs to be concerned is in its accreditation and availability. Although AKBA is just one organization, PetsHotel can ill afford to ignore any organization devoted to pet facility quality and care.For people who want to ensure their pets are well taken care of, the lack of accreditation could mean a loss in customers. If the people are happy with both the service of AKBA and the local pet hotel, PetsHotel could lose more potential customers through word of mouth. By gaining accreditation, PetsMart not only retains its corporate brand of quality, but it is substantiated through AKBA.PetsHotel must also find a way to address those who do not want to disrupt their pet’s routine. PetsHotel and other pet hotel websites do list how the pet will re-enter its routine once it goes home.However, more is needed than just a small blurb on the website. PetsHotel needs to reassure anyone who inquires about this and possible provide examples through customer satisfaction surveys and testimonials. References American Boarding Kennel Association. (2008). American Boarding Kennel Association.Retrieved on January 25, 2008 from http://www. abka. com/abka/. Koncius, Jura. (Apr. 2006). Pet Hotels Really Puttin' on the Dog. The Washington Post. Retrieved on January 25, 2008 from http://www. projo. com/pets/content/projo_20060430_petshotel.80bdaa6. html. Petsmart, Inc. (PETM). (2008). Yahoo! Finance. Retrieved on January 26, 2008 from http://finance. yahoo. com/q? s=PETM. Shim, Joan. (Sept. 2007). Pampered pooches, fat cats living large in luxury pet hotels. CNN. Retrieved on January 25, 2008 from http://www. cnn. com/2007/LIVING/worklife/09/12/travel. pets/index. html. Wagg Inn Pet Hotel. (2008). Wagg Inn Pet Hotel, LLC.Retrieved on January 25, 2008 from http://www. wagginn. com/. Wags Hotel. ( 2008). Wags Hotel. Retrieved on January 25, 2008 from http://www. waghotels. com/.

The Tourism Industry Is A Complex System Tourism Essays

The Tourism Industry Is A Complex System Tourism Essays The Tourism Industry Is A Complex System Tourism Essay The Tourism Industry Is A Complex System Tourism Essay The touristry industry is a complex system where its necessary to look at all different sectors which are act uponing each other, to acquire a clear understanding how this system works. A helpful tool to utilize already theoretical accounts and theories, use them on different illustration and measure them. The person as a possible client has to be analysed and categorised, which is resulting a better apprehension of tourer behavior. Furthermore it helps to acknowledge their determination devising advancement for a finish, every bit good as acquiring cognition about their demands and outlook. This essay will demo the use of these theoretical accounts and theories on illustration of the Dominican Republic. Tourism can be defined as a combination of services and activities for people who travel to topographic points outside of their familiar milieus. The definition of a tourer is wide-ranging, because the intent of travel scopes from vacations, concern trips, and visits to friends and relations to assorted other grounds such as survey, faith, shopping and so on. More than an industry, it is instead like a system that sells packaged vacations, activities, attractive forces, adjustments, and amusement. It is offering the chance to interrupt away from normal life and bask leisure clip in different locations. Tourism usually does non supply merely one individual merchandise ; largely it is a bundling of assorted merchandises to fulfill the demand of the tourer. For illustration, person traveling on vacation to London would non simply consume one merchandise from one provider. It is more likely that he is using a bundle of services. He might get by plane, travel by bus/train to his hotel, di ne in a eating house, and take a sightseeing circuit. Due to the fact that about every touristry merchandise is interlinked, there is no proprietor or director with complete control of his ain fate ( Gunn A.C. 2002, p.243 ) . Additionally, other industries, such as the oil industry, are linked to the touristry industry. In recent old ages tourism become a portion of day-to-day life because people have more leisure clip than they used to hold 50 old ages ago and the position of the work-life balance has changed. Another of import point to reference is that the touristry industry is one of the largest in the universe and is making 1000000s of impermanent and lasting occupations. In 2006 the travel and touristry industry s per centum of the universe gross domestic merchandise was 10,3 % , with a turnover of US $ 6,477.2 billion. The industry supported 234 million occupations, 8.7 % of entire universe employment ( Cooper, et al 2006: 3 ) . This information represents the planetary importance and significance to the universe economic system. Tourism does non include merely the supply of hotels, beaches and travel bureaus but besides economical, environmental and socio-cultural impacts. These three countries are ever commingling and conflicting. There are people whom are merely interested in doing a net income, other people desiring to protect the environment, and yet another group of people concerned with the societal and cultural impacts of a tourer part. All three groups must accomplish a balance to enable sustainable touristry. This thought is shown on the undermentioned graphic: 3. Tourist typology and their execution to touristry theoretical accounts Stanley C. Plog One attack to understand tourer behavior is to place different types of people, whereupon they can be categorised into a series of organized psychographic types. In 1973 Stanley C. Plog created a theoretical account for the American population demoing how personal motive influences the determination for a holiday finish. He divided tourers into four types: allocentric, near-allocentric, mid-centric, and near-psychocentric/psychocentric. The allocentric type positions going as an chance to detect foreign civilizations and prefers alien finishs. They are self confident and unfastened for new experiences. The near-allocentric type is clean, seeks challenges and views the journey as a opportunity to prove a new life style. The mid-centric type looks for relaxation and pleasance in a well-known environment. They want to get away from the day-to-day modus operandi and enjoy comfy adjustment. The near-psychocentric and psychocentric types are focused on themselves and are scared to detect s omething new. These people tend to look for a safe topographic point to vacation. Their pick of finish will be a topographic point they know and where they are non that far off from their place metropolis ( Johnson A ; Thomas, 1992: 19 ) . Plog considered that there are merely a few psychocentric or allocentric types because the bulk of tourers are mid-centric. However, Plog s theoretical account is difficult to use in world. For illustration the Dominion Republic has a batch of organized mass touristry and it is possible to form a journey by yourself every bit good. Every tourer is an single, so they can non be generalized. One trip can hold a wholly different juncture and characteristic than the other 1 ( Cooper, 2008: 48 ) . Cohen s tourer typology Another theoretical account which classifies tourers is Cohen s tourer typology. He divides tourers into the organized mass tourer, the single mass tourer, the adventurer and the vagrant. Cohen explains that organized mass tourers are typically buying a ready-made bundle circuit where they have no or merely a small contact with the local people and remain most of the clip inside a resort. This is similar to Plog s psychocentrics` type. In Cohen s theory most of the tourers are single mass tourers. They are similar to the organized mass tourers, but they have more flexibleness and range for personal pick. They want to hold contact to the local people. This class is comparable to Plog s midcentric tourers and most tourers fall into this class. The 3rd tourer type is the adventurer, who organises the trip by himself and looks for something particular, something off from the typical involvements of a mass tourer. However, he is still interested in comfy adjustments. The last type, the v agrant, is wholly independent, wants to populate with local people and wants to take portion in the native civilization. Cohen s last two tourers theories, the adventurer and the vagrant, which are besides the minority in this industry, are similar to Plog s allocentric tourers. ( Cooper et Al, p.51 ) . 5. Demand for the creative activity of tourer typologies and their pattern on the illustration of the Dominican Republic The ground why we need these typologies for different tourers is to assist and to be able to develop touristry finishs. Expectations and demands from tourers on a perfect vacation can be identified, so the coveted service can be supplied. Equally shortly as we know the different motives for persons going to a peculiar finish, a specific tourer type is traveling to be targeted. This means that in illustration of the Dom. Rep. the organized mass tourers in the bulk, which are looking for a safe vacation, we know their behavior and cognize how to be after for them. Most of the resorts in Dom.Rep. are designed for this patronage and have been developed really fast during the last 20 old ages to fulfill the demand from tourers. At the first phase resorts were build for adventurer or vagrant, and since the creative activity of bundle touristry, a batch of single mass tourers came to this country. With the creative activity of all-inclusive , there is no demand for tourers to go forth the hotel. Because of look intoing the different desire of tourers and specify them, it was possible to develop this country ( National and regional touristry planning 1994, p.147 ) . 6. Doxey s Index: The socio-cultural impact of touristry The Doxey s Index describes the relationship between visitants and the visited. He developed a five phase theoretical account which describes the first measure as the approaching A?euphoriaA? when a little figure of tourers arrive therefore exciting the economic system and a big figure of new occupations are created. The following stairss are apathy and annoyance . At this phase local people get foremost used to tourers in their familiar milieus, and afterwards annoyed, because excessively many people are sing the finish. Antagonism and acceptance are the last stairss in this theory. Native people start to avoid tourers and at the last measure they accept them. Acceptance agencies, that they accept tourers in their usual life and bury how the country was before tourers arrived ( Cooper et Al, p.47 ) . Top precedence should be ever constructing better relationships between occupants and visitants, which improves societal life for both sides. In Punta Cana, where the proportion of tourers is high to the figure of occupants, cultural jobs occur because of different society outlooks ( National and regional touristry planning 1994, p.147 ) . While Punta Cana has grown within 20 old ages, the local community did non hold adequate clip to set to the high figure of tourers. The three theoretical accounts of Plog, Cohen and Doxey are coterminous whith each other because when the first visitants ( vagrant ) arrive at a finish, local people are euphoric. These tourers ( allocentric ) are non scared to detect new countries. In the midcentric are the explorer and the individual mass tourers . At this phase the community becomes apathetic and annoyed . The last measure is the organized mass tourer who belongs to the psychocentric and native people start to accept them. The relationship between the theoretical accounts is additive ( Cooper et Al, p.47 ) . 7. Butler s Tourism Area Lifecycle ( TALC ) The Tourism Area Lifecycle ( TALC ) is a well-known theoretical account Butler created to exemplify the moral force of a tourer -destination or -product through different phases. The graph describes a characteristic map due to the natural interrelatedness between the exposure and strength of touristry. It shows the evolutional procedure where every touristry merchandise is traveling through, which can assist director to happen a manner out in instance of a crisis or new developed finishs to set up themselves. Butler first phase is exploration , where little figure of visitants arrive in an undeveloped country. These people been identified as Plog s allocentric or Cohen s explorer type. After their trip they are responsible for Involvement , because they tell others about topographic point they been to ( Ryan 2003, p.269 ) . A undermentioned rise of the curve during the development phase is logical, because more tourers can be carried. Butler says that the figure of tourers lessening until the transporting capacity is reached, this is the consolidation phase. New development has to go on once more to rejuvenate, otherwise it would come to a diminution of visitants ( Butler 2006 ) . While developing new schemes is of import to look into the bing facts and dressed ore on the potencies the finish is already supplying. At this point it is necessary to do a determination. To develop this topographic point, to go forth the topographic point how it is and increase the monetary value or allow it worsen. Decline is the following phase of Butler s TALC. This happens if excessively many tourers are geting at a finish at the same clip and the capacity is excessively low. Visitor are disappointed and the figure of tourers will therefore start to fall. An option to avoid diminution is Rejuvenation . That means that the country has to be developed for illustration with new hotels and beaches. 8. The 5A s theoretical account The 5As theoretical account was helpful to rejuvenate the Dominican Republic when it had been reached the stagnancy point. A new development of Attractions , Accessibility , Activities , Amenities and Accommodation were necessary to convey installations up to the degree demanded by international tourers. When the transporting capacity was reached, an indispensable component in the touristry take-off was authorities investing in the substructure of touristry zones. Over $ 76 million went into the Puerto Plata part between 1974 and 1982. New hotels and transit webs were built, to acquire electric power and satisfy H2O supply. Infrastructure was one of the chief of import things which had to be developed and when the airdrome in Punta Cana was built, a batch of new different tourers begun to see this country. ( http: //kiskeya-alternative.org/publica/afuller/rd-tourism.html # ecsoc ) Today the Dominion Republic is one of the most visited states and popular for household vacations. This finish fits perfect in Butler s TALC because at first it was an undeveloped topographic point and started to turn, determinations by the policy had to be done for illustration to rejuvenate the topographic point, to allow the country how it is or to allow it worsen. The Dominican authorities decided for greening because of the high potency of this country. With new roads, attractive forces, airdromes and hotels the resort development scheme was successful ( National and regional touristry planning, 1994, p.147 ) . 9. Multiplier consequence In touristry the multiplier consequence is used to exemplify how many times money spent by a tourer circulates through a state s economic system. In other words when a new tourer finish is created, the local economic system benefits as new occupations are being created and tourist bring extra trade to local concerns. The most common illustration is when a new hotel is being built it does non merely make occupations straight in the hotel, but besides indirectly in other sectors of the economic system. The hotel has to purchase nutrient from local husbandmans, who so spend some of this money, for illustration, on domestic disbursals. When tourers spend money for local merchandises the demand for those merchandises additions, which besides increases secondary employment. However the multiplier consequence continues until there is a escape out of the economic system through imports, which is the purchase of goods from other states. The most common illustration would be a Third World state, such as Dominican Republic, much of the money spent by tourer terminal up go forthing the state s economic system via foreign-owned air hoses, hotels, imported drinks and nutrient, etc. A typical epicurean four star hotel would be more likely to import most of its goods and services ; if that means that better quality would be provided which would guarantee better client satisfaction. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //geographyfieldwork.com/TouristMultiplier.htm 10. Decision Models could be helpful to develop a successful touristry finish and understand the different motives of tourers. When the policy changes the supply for illustration to develop an country for bundle touristry, the demand will besides alter. That means that the supply has to run into the demand side when at the descriptive side the object and services altering. Plog s, Cohen s and Doxey s theoretical accounts are descriptive because they merely depict a state of affairs but Butler s theoretical account is descriptive and normative. TALC explains what is go oning in an country and makes diagnose. After this diagnose the job becomes clear and it is easier to do a determination for work outing this job. It is ever necessary to happen out how much potency a topographic point has to do significant development it in the right manner. For this fact touristry theoretical accounts are helpful. 11. Mentions Cooper, C, Fletcher, J, Fyall, A, Gilbert, D and Wanhill, S ( 2008 ) Tourism Principles and Practice ( 4thedn ) , Prentice Hall, Essex Gunn, C.A ( 2002 ) Tourism Planning ( 4th edn ) , Routledge, London Howie, F. ( 2003 a, B ) , Pull offing the Tourist Finish: A Practical Guide ( 1st edn ) , Cengage Learning EMEA Johnson A ; Thomas ( 1992 ) , Choice and Demand in Tourism, Mansell Publishing Limited National and regional touristry planning ( 1994 ) Methodologies and Case Studies ( World Tourism Organization ) ( 1st edn ) , Routledge, London Ryan, C ( 2003 ) , Recreational Tourism and Impacts ( 1st edn ) , Channel View Publications, Clevedon Dominican Republic touristry, Tourism Development in the Dominican Republic: Growth, Costs, Benefits and Choices, avaible from hypertext transfer protocol: //kiskeya-alternative.org/publica/afuller/rd-tourism.html # ecsoc ( accessed on 11.12.2009 )